Hace un tiempo nos quedábamos boquiabiertos con el bebé de dos meses que dice «Te quiero», pero desde luego eso no es lo normal. No empecéis a hacer comparaciones que es una de las peores cosas que podemos hacer los padres. De hecho, es a raíz de comparar a nuestros hijos con otros niños cuando surgen las preocupaciones sobre si podrá hacer tal o cual cosa.
El desarrollo del lenguaje es una de las más frecuentes, especialmente cuando nos encontramos con niños de la misma edad de nuestros hijos capaces de pronunciar un discurso mientras que el nuestro no articula palabra. La pregunta es inevitable, mi bebé todavía no habla ¿debo preocuparme?
Como en cualquier aspecto del desarrollo, en la adquisición del lenguaje cada niño tiene su propio ritmo. Así como no todos los niños empiezan a andar a la misma edad, tampoco todos empiezan a hablar a una edad determinada. Todo depende de la maduración del niño, de cuando su cerebro esté biológicamente preparado para adquirir el lenguaje.
Se puede hablar de retraso simple del habla cuando se produce un desfase en la aparición del habla y en el desarrollo de la expresión respecto a la edad cronológica del niño. Es un desarrollo del lenguaje lento que no corresponde a su edad.
El bebé comienza a pronunciar sus primeras palabras entre los 10 y los 13 meses. Al principio habla de personas (papá, mamá, nene), animales (perro, gato, pato…), alimentos (agua, pan, manzana…), partes del cuerpo (ojos, boca, mano…), prendas de vestir (pantalón, camiseta, zapato…), vehículos (coche, barco, avión…), juguetes (pelota, puzzle, muñeca…) u objetos que se encuentran en la casa (cuchara, televisión, teléfono…), pero también de la localización en el espacio (arriba, abajo, al lado…) y de ciertas rutinas (hola, gracias, por favor…).
Hacia los 18 meses ha adquirido entre 50 y 100 palabras, hacia los 20 meses 200 palabras, hacia los 2 años entre 400 y 600 palabras, y hacia los 3 años unas 1. 500 palabras y es capaz de utilizar frases de tres elementos con una estructura de nombre+verbo+nombre (por ejemplo, «nene come pan»).
Por supuesto que no vamos contando las palabras que pronuncia, pero nos sirve para tener una idea aproximada. Tampoco significa que el niño tenga un retraso del habla si no dice 50 palabras a los 18 meses.
Se puede decir que el niño tarda en empezar a hablar cuando a los 2 años no produce enunciados de dos palabras.
También hay otros síntomas que pueden alertar sobre un retraso del habla si a partir de los 3 años el niño presenta los siguientes signos:
Tiene una alteración en la organización del lenguaje. Es decir, es capaz de pronunciar sonidos aislados y grupos de sonidos, pero presenta dificultades para formar con ellos las palabras.
Muestra un retraso en la adquisición del juego simbólico.
Reduce al mínimo el uso de proposiciones, de nexos y utiliza muchas simplificaciones fonológicas.
Imita pero no pronuncia frases de forma espontánea.
Hay que decir que la mayoría de los bebés que empiezan a hablar tarde se normalizan después y también hay que aclarar que los prematuros pueden tardar algo más en comenzar a hablar.
Los padres podemos ayudar a nuestros hijos a estimular la adquisición del lenguaje con sencillas técnicas, como por ejemplo:
Leerles y contarles cuentos con frecuencia, incluso desde antes de que comiencen a hablar, para que vayan familiarizándose con nuevos sonidos y palabras.
Usar frases sencillas adaptadas a la edad y nivel de comprensión del niño.
Ir nombrando las acciones que vamos a haciendo («nos ponemos los calcetines», «te limpio la cara»)
Repetir varias veces palabras cotidianas que aún no pronuncia (coche, casa, libro, etc)
Destinar un rato del día a juegos en los que intervenga el habla (flashcards, dibujar y preguntarle qué ha dibujado, dibuja el objeto que él te nombre, etc)
Usar preguntas de respuesta abierta (¿y ahora qué hacemos? ¿cómo funciona esto?) para motivar al niño a participar.
Si notamos que el niño no progresa en la adquisición del lenguaje es necesario acudir a un especialista para descartar algún problema que pudiera estar interfiriendo, como por ejemplo: problemas de audición, un trastorno del habla (disglosia, disartria, tartamudez) o algún otro problema del desarrollo.
Seleccione:
Mamas & Papas
Mamas & Papas
el médico de mi hij@
getty
¡Es normal que tu vecina te diga que su hijo empezó con un año a hablar, es normal que tu prima hasta los tres no dijo ni “mu”, es normal que la vecina del pueblo de pequeña no hablaba y ahora, mírala!… Todo esto puede ser normal, aunque hay ocasiones en las que hay que estar atento a señales que nos van a indicar si todo se desarrolla con normalidad. Hoy en día, contamos con muchos profesionales y centros de atención temprana que nos pueden ayudar a detectar si hay algún tipo de problema en el desarrollo. “Cada niño tiene su ritmo” es una frase peligrosa: hay que estar atento a las señales que nos indican que algo no va bien.
Más información
Mi hija tiene cinco años y habla tres idiomas, ¿la estoy confundiendo?
¿Qué pasa sobre la edad de un año?
El cerebro tiende a especializar una de sus áreas para aprender a moverse o aprender a hablar. Esto es:
Aspectos a tener en cuenta:
Sobre los 15 meses:
¿Cómo sé que va todo bien?
Entre los 18-24 meses, a veces nos da la sensación que no avanzan, nos agobiamos y le damos más vueltas de las que hay que darle.
Toma una libreta y anota el número de palabras que dice hoy. Compáralo con el número de palabras que diga en 2 meses. Si este cambio no es sustancial o se ha estancado, debes acudir a valorar.
Todo lo escrito es orientativo y entra dentro de la mayoría de casos de niños con desarrollo normalizado. En el caso de tener sospecha de algo o que notéis que no os cuadra su evolución, es conveniente que lo llevéis a valorar.
Autora: Nuria Belert. Logopeda y maestra de Pedagogía Terapeutica.
Normas
Carolina García
Se adhiere a los criterios de
Más información
Recibe el boletín de de mamas & de papas
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RBC Trends made a selection of eight existing and upcoming space telescopes that have changed or will change our understanding of space
In 1610, Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius independently of each other discovered the satellites of Jupiter, which became one of the most important scientific events of that time. Nearly four centuries later, the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope ushered in a new revolution in astronomy.
The main problem of optical astronomy is the inhomogeneity of the earth’s atmosphere. Areas with different densities, air speeds lead to the twinkling of stars, visible to the naked eye. This makes space the only place where a telescope can get a really clear and comprehensive view of the universe.
This material tells about the most significant projects of space telescopes, while we have a separate review dedicated to the largest ground-based observatories.
Astrophysicist Sergei Popov also told RBC Trends about how new technologies have turned astronomy into a fashionable and sought-after science. Why shouldn’t we expect that in the future we will “move” to another planet, and what is the use of these astronomical discoveries for all of us?
Difference between Pluto and Andromeda images
Minimum distance from Pluto to Earth = 4.280.000.000 km (7,500,000,000 km at maximum distance)
And the maximum image quality that Hubble can take looks like this:
Left image of Hubble
On the right is a picture of the New Horizons spacecraft, which was taken after a 9-year flight to Pluto, in 2015
…
If you don’t know what New Horizons is, here is a short video about the mission of this pioneer —
3 min Video about the New Horizons mission under the spoiler
And this is what a picture of the Andromeda galaxy looks like, which is 4,313,207,570 times farther than Pluto
Distance from it to the Earth = ~ 18,921,056,800,000,000,000 km
screenshot from the video below
Watch this short video (will open in the same tab) to more or less understand the scale
Direct links to the video
4K Ultra HD
cdn. spacetelescope.org/archives/videos/ultra_hd/heic1502a.mp4
Full HD
cdn.spacetelescope.org/archives/videos/hd_1080p25_screen/heic1502a.mp4
HD & Apple TV Preview
cdn.spacetelescope.org/archives/videos/hd_and_apple/heic1502a.m4v
Unfortunately, it will not work to insert the most detailed image of Andromeda here, its size is 4.3 GB (600 HD displays are needed in order to display it in full), but you can evaluate the quality of the image by zooming in and viewing it, here on this site (All the big glowing balls in the picture are the stars of our galaxy, and those trillion small dots that are visible when approaching are Andromeda stars)
To better understand the scale
Light (photon) is the fastest particle in the universe, nothing can move as fast as light (as far as we know), except for space itself (as a fact, we already know that beyond the Hubble sphere wiki space-time the continuum is expanding faster than the speed of light.
For those who are interested in learning more about this, here is an interesting video on this topic
Video under the spoiler
And so:
1 light year wiki = 9 460 528 400 000 km
Light from the Sun will reach the Earth in ~ 8 minutes (and to Pluto 29-52 times longer, i.e. 4-7 hours)
Light from Pluto will reach Earth in ~ 4 hours (nearest approach to Earth)
And from Andromeda to Earth it will fly in ~ 912,500,000 days (2,500,000 years)
And in addition, we have: Pluto, located 4 light hours from us and the Andromeda Galaxy, located 21,900,000,000 light hours from us (2,500,000 light years or 18,921 056 800 000 000 000 kilometers)
Gallery TOP 100 images of galaxies on the Hubble website — link under the spoiler
Just think — we are not seeing the Andromeda galaxy, but what happened to it and how it looked 2,500,000 years ago, during this period of time, while the light from it flew towards us, on those few planets in the habitable zone wiki , in this galaxy, life could originate and reach a certain evolutionary stage of development, and perhaps a few of those species could even develop to our level or surpass it dozens of times.
According to conservative estimates, in the visible universe alone, there should be at least 4.2 — 5.3 trillion exo — planets in the habitable zone, which means that there is not a bad chance for life to settle on some percentage of these planets, and an evolutionary process sufficient for time, in order to evolve into more complex life forms, however, the probability that these life forms will be similar to people is very small: change just one of the parameters, for example, the level of radiation on the planet, and the evolutionary process will start with some unlike our life forms on Earth, and these parameters are millions
And even if in the Andromeda galaxy, on any of the planets, life could originate and evolve at least to our level, and provided that they already listen to the universe for radio waves, for the first time they will learn about our existence at least 2 499 900 years, because the first radio waves containing our history and carrying information about our existence were sent into space about 100 years ago, after the creation of radio, so the probability of learning about extraterrestrial life is extremely small, unless, of course, a more developed civilization, still haven’t learned how to apply the effect of Mr. Miguel Alcubierre wiki and is in no hurry to search for exoplanetary civilizations. Moreover, the opportunity is not enough, you will still need a desire to look for us, which is unlikely, because if they are already so developed that they have the ability to control the space-time continuum, will we be something interesting for them, so much so that they had a desire to get acquainted with us, so that they suddenly wanted to shake hands with “themselves” people. The maximum that they will do is to study the responses to the environment and certain factors and features of the processes of interaction of the environment on us, as a more stupid species, as we do with laboratory rats.
“How often do you feel the urge to stop and start a dialogue with a worm? Of course, you may have stopped to talk to him, but you didn’t expect him to answer you, did you? (c) Neil deGrasse Tyson is a famous astrophysicist and popularizer of science.
Let’s return to the topic of the article. Mathematical explanation
To understand why we see galaxies so clear, unlike Pluto, you need to understand what is the angular resolution of the camera and the ratio of the distance to the object to its size
Angular resolution is the ability of the eye, telescope, microscope, camera, etc., to recognize the details of another object. Angular resolution is usually measured in arc seconds
1 degree = 3600 arc seconds
To make it clear to everyone what we are talking about, consider the Moon for comparison.
The moon is 3476 km in diameter, the average distance from the Earth is 384,000 km
The full moon covers 1800 arcsec of the sky i.e. 0.5 degrees
Knowing this, we can calculate the size of the object that you can see on the Moon from the Earth with your own eyes
It’s very simple: we take the diameter of 3476 km, divide it by the amount of 1800 arcsec that the Moon covers in the sky and we get = 1.93
1.93 this is the number of km, showing how great the resolution of 1 arc second (based on the diameter and distance to the moon)
1. 93 multiply by the angular resolution of your eyes 60 and we get = 115.8 km
The smallest object that you can see with your own eyes on the Moon from the Earth will be ~ 116 km in size
Move the Moon farther away from us, leaving the diameter the same — it will cover fewer arcseconds in the sky, and you will see less and less detail as the Moon gets further away.
Hubble Camera
Both images — Pluto and the galaxy shown at the beginning of the article, were taken «with the Hubble Wide Field Camera 3» (TWC3)
Resolution of this camera = 0.05 arc seconds
The main Hubble mirror is 2.4 meters in diameter, which means that using the Daves limit formula wiki we will find out that this will be equal to 0.05 arcsec, which is much better than the resolution of the human eye (60 vs. 0.05, less is better)
Multiplying the already calculated value of 1.93 by Hubble’s angular resolution (0.05), we get that Hubble can see an object on the Moon ~ 100 m in size (against the human eye ~ 116 km)
Pluto
The angular diameter of Pluto is only 0. 115 arc. sec (nearest approach to the Earth) is very small, despite the fact that its size is only 2400 km in diameter
(2400 km in diameter) / ( 4.280 million km) = 0.00000056 (4.280 million km is the distance at the closest approach to the Earth, as already indicated above in the article)
, must be at least 1029 km in size ( 2368 / 0.115 = 20.600 km | 20.600 * 0.05 = 1029 km)
That is, with a telescope resolution of 0.05 arc seconds, Pluto will consist of 2 pixels, since 1029 km is almost half the size of the entire planet 9-7 we get
0.00000056 / 0.00000024 =2.3 resolution (px)
Andromeda Galaxy
(260,000 light years in diameter) / (distance to it 2 million light years) = 0.13 (ratio of diameter to distance to us)
1 deg = 3600 arcsec (arcseconds)
In our sky, it occupies 10,800 arc. sec i.e. 3 degrees (the Moon occupies 0.5 degrees, i.e. the Moon in our sky is 6 times smaller than Andromeda)
We do the same, divide the calculated ratio by the Hubble angular resolution in radians 2. -70273
0.13 / 0.00000024 =~541 600 resolution (px)
And, this is how it looks in the photo of Cory Poole Reddit (larger original)
With Andromeda everything is clear, but what if we take a more distant galaxy from the earliest formed galaxies, for example, the galaxy EGS-zs8-1, which is 6550 times farther than the Andromeda galaxy
EGS-zs8-1 is 13.1 billion light years from us (the age of the universe is 13.8 billion years)
This is the furthest distance ever measured from earth to another galaxy. Distance at such large distances is measured by redshift wiki . the larger its value, the farther away the galaxy is. This galaxy has the largest displacement ever discovered
Well, this picture is already more similar to the picture of Pluto shown at the beginning of the article 🙂
The reason that Hubble can show such more detailed pictures of galaxies, unlike the planets of our solar system, is that galaxies are incredibly huge. And in the ratio of their distance from us to their size (as shown above, the ratio is only 0.13 versus Pluto’s ratio = 0.00000056), give us the opportunity to take such beautiful pictures, even with an outdated telescope like Hubble. Soon it will be replaced by the James Web telescope, then we will be able to see galaxies in even greater detail.
As we already understood, Andromeda occupies 6 times more “place” (degrees) in our sky than the Moon and if Andromeda was brighter, we would see it in our sky like this
Prouv YouTube at 5:35
Even if we consider the galaxy NGC 5584, located 70 million light years away, which is 35 times farther from Andromeda, it will still be ~ 1200 times more detailed than Pluto, because, despite at its great remoteness from us, the ratio of diameter and distance is ~ 1200 times greater than that of Pluto ( 0.00069/ 0.00000056 = ~ 1200)
I hope it helped at least a little someone in understanding why modern telescopes can make an incredibly beautiful picture of a galaxy or nebula (for example, this or one of these from the TOP100 Hubble photos),
but cannot show a sufficiently detailed photograph of Pluto or some of the other planets in our solar system.