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90,000 enchanted circle: in Soviet caricatures found the prophecies about Russia and NATO
Komsomolskaya Pravda
Political Political Political Political Political: Politkikhnya
Oleg Adamovich
June 5, 2022 14:00
Why are political cartoons 50 or 70 years old seemingly seem as if drawn today
1951 is a caricature about freezing residents of London, who heat the stove-stove with newspapers with “Labor promises”
100 years ago, the first issue of the most famous satirical magazine in the USSR, Krokodil, was published.
A sort of Soviet «Charlie Hebdo». Anniversaries are not funny. We decided to leaf through the archive with funny pictures in order to be touched and let out a nostalgic tear for the past. But … somehow it quickly became no laughing matter. Decades have passed, and many jokes are written as if they were about today.
Stolypin once said that in Russia everything changes in 10 years, and nothing in 200. You look at Soviet cartoons and you understand — but it really is. Much in our country (and in the world as well) is going through the second (or one hundred and second) circle.
FROM THE WORLD ON A STRING TO A MILLIONAIRE PER BILLION
See for yourself. «Crocodile» for 1947. On the last page there is a caricature of Rothschild, who asks passers-by for money: “Give the poor banker 20 million for bread!”.
Photo: Crocodile
These are the spitting image of our today’s billionaires, who fell under sanctions and lost their yachts and foreign castles.
For example, Mikhail Fridman ($11.8 billion according to Forbes) complained in March 2022 that he didn’t even have money for a housekeeper and decent food.
“I don’t know if this (funds allocated by the British authorities – Ed.) will be enough to live a normal life. I can’t even go to a restaurant. I have to eat at home and I am practically under house arrest,” the businessman told the Spanish newspaper País.
Coincidence? Certainly! But how it looks like.
Photo: Krokodil
WHEN THEY ARE ALREADY FREEZED
1951 is a caricature about the freezing people of London who heat the stove-bourgeois stove with newspapers with «Labour promises».
“We keep ourselves warm only with the promises of our rulers,” the caption reads.
All last winter our central TV channels were talking about freezing Europe. Including about the freezing Londoners. 71 years have passed, and we are all worried about how the inhabitants of Europe keep warm without us.
Then the UK was scolded simply for capitalism, now we laugh because of trading on the stock exchange (spot market) with our gas, but in the end we get the same thing.
AND NATO AND NOW THERE
A separate epic — our cartoons about NATO, America and all sorts of global organizations such as the UN. From some point on, jokes about the collective West began to appear in every issue. Well, how can I say … now many Russian politicians are talking about the same thing that Krokodil wrote about in the 1950s or 1980s.
Photo: «Crocodile»
America supplies weapons to the allies, it ends in destruction and innumerable victims — the common meaning of dozens of old cartoons. What changed? Never mind! Today, the States are driving their Javelins, Stingers and howitzers to Ukraine, as a result, there are more and more victims in this country. “The United States is ready to fight to the last Ukrainian,” our politicians say. And, in general, they are right.
But how it looks like a story half a century ago. Then we were worried about Korea, Vietnam, Lebanon, Grenada … There are many places where the Americans managed to trample on in the 20th century.
«Crocodile» often wrote (or drew) about how America spreads influence with the help of the dollar, bribery and espionage … And here, too, little has changed.
The states still use their currency as a weapon. Our Central Bank fully appreciated this when the West arrested Russian foreign exchange reserves. Yes, and espionage with bribery has not gone away — just leaf through the plums of Snowden or Assange to be convinced of the intrigues of the CIA.
DID NOT FIND THE POINT G
— Well, really, when you look at the old «Crocodile», it seems that the country is walking in a vicious circle. Why do we now curse NATO or Western Europe with the words of the Cold War? I asked the political scientist, professor at the Higher School of Economics Dmitry Evstafiev.
— If only because NATO hasn’t changed that much. The Alliance lives by the rules of the middle of the last century. All controversial issues are resolved by war — Yugoslavia, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan. The US uses the power of the economy to put pressure on other countries. We objectively have the right to scold the West for the same things that we scolded for before the collapse of the Union.
Photo: «Crocodile»
— But time is running out. Can’t you think of any other arguments?
— Yes, of course. It’s just that for the last 30 years, people who studied the United States from Russia were considered, to put it mildly, losers. Everyone wanted to become managers, big officials… The problem is that we don’t really know the pain points of the West. This is especially true for Germany. But so does America. Therefore, we simply copy the old arguments. Then the real titans of satire and propaganda invented them, — the expert explained.
BOY INSTEAD OF A GIRL
In 1960, Crocodile laughed at sports teams that fielded men instead of women.
«- Why is a man playing!
— Nothing can be done, according to the application he is Lida Sergeeva,» Soviet cartoonists joked.
Photo: «Krokodil»
Back then it was a hoax with figureheads. Now, too, instead of a woman, a man can come out. Only now it is not considered cheating, but is considered a bold act and acceptance of oneself. Here at the Tokyo Olympics, New Zealand weightlifter Laurel Hubbard used to be weightlifter Gavin …
LIKE AN OLD RECORD
Having finished Crocodile, we studied American satire out of curiosity. Who would have thought, but in the West they bother even less with inventing new horror stories. We, unlike NATO, objectively have come a long way — we have abandoned communism, switched to democracy and a free market … And if you listen to politicians from Washington, you get the feeling that they think and speak with the arguments of the Stalin era.
In 1947, a comic book was published in the USA about how the communists seized power over the country.
They pitted American politicians against each other in order to weaken the stability in the country, and then interfered in the presidential election and dragged their man through.
Photo: Krokodil
Doesn’t remind you of anything? All four years in the White House, Donald Trump has been hiccupped by endless accusations that hackers from Moscow helped him win the election. In general, Trump was called almost Putin’s man. They could not prove it, but there were screams. And the sanctions against us, which were introduced for allegedly interfering in the voting, have not been lifted.
When rallies in support of blacks began all over America (the movement was called Black lives matter), Washington also declared that Russia was rocking the boat. Somehow it turned out that we are to blame for the fact that the police in the States shoot at blacks.
More than 70 years have passed, and the stories are exactly the same! It would be nice to be scolded for the cause, because as they thought up then, so it is now.
THE CLOUD LOOKES GROWLY AT EUROPE
Another bogey of Western propagandists: Russian rapists. It was in the comics of the Cold War, and in the cartoons — the soldiers of the Red Army will come and spoil all the girls.
The story still works. A month and a half ago, Europeans and Americans, as if on cue, began to say that the Russian military in Ukraine is raping everything that moves. No proof, but who cares? The main thing is to convey, but at least the grass does not grow there.
Photo: Krokodil
The most enduring image is the spread of the sinister influence of Moscow. Russia can be depicted both in the form of an octopus and in the form of a thunderstorm cloud. A kind of dark force that wants to subjugate everyone. And specific actions are no longer so important — the main thing is the general intention.
In principle, Washington’s policy is still based on this old image of the enemy. It is enough to look at how America resisted the construction of Nord Stream 2.
The politicians in Congress said that the new pipe would make Europe dependent. In general, the fewer contacts we have, the better. In the same way, the US was at war with the first pipeline from the USSR to Germany.
Moreover, the story about the Russian threat from the East turned out to be the most popular in the West. Back in the 19th century (!) European cartoonists painted us as some kind of large, aggressive and wild Asian mass. That is how we are for them in many ways.
THERE ARE NO SOVIETISTS ON US
— During the Cold War, a whole science appeared in the West — Sovietology. Smart people were busy studying us and coming up with propaganda techniques. After 1991 Sovietology practically disappeared. Propaganda remained, but the most talented cadres left. It is not surprising that now they are simply copying 50-year-old stamps. They’ve already worked once. Why fix something that works so well? Moreover, there are simply no people left who could compose something as talented, but new, — Evstafiev believes.
— Russia has not changed much in the eyes of the West since the 1950s. We are still a threat to Europe and America. Plus, there are no more corny specialists in NATO who would be well versed in our country. Not at the level of news headlines, but for real. Yes, and there is no particular desire to understand — the West is only interested in minerals. Many politicians are sure that they can be obtained simply through forceful pressure. To do this, it is not at all necessary to be friends, but creating the image of an enemy just helps, — added political scientist Alexander Domrin.
WHERE HAVE THE CARICATURES GONE?
The golden age of satirical pictures, alas, has passed. The magazine «Crocodile» rested in Bose in 2008. Less well-known publications gave up even earlier. If ordinary newspapers could publish entire pages with cartoons, now this is not the case either. The famous artist Vasya Lozhkin (real name Alexei Kudelin) told KP why it happened.
— Everything, as it often happens, depends on money. There are fewer newspapers globally, and those who could keep a full-time satirical artist are generally few. That is, it is almost impossible for a cartoonist to make money by selling his drawings. It killed the whole craft. Plus, there were memes, demotivators. They filled (especially on the Internet) that humorous niche that satirical pictures used to occupy. Of course, the cartoons have been preserved, but more often people draw them for the soul, — said Lozhkin.
WHO ELSE WAS THERE?
Krokodil is not the only satirical publication published in the Soviet Union. For example, there were local counterparts. In the Ukrainian SSR, the magazine «Pepper» was printed. And sometimes the relevance there hoo as rolled over. In 1956, the cover of Pepper featured a picture of a Ukrainian nationalist licking the hand of an American capitalist. Then journalists laughed at Bandera. And now there is no time for humor somehow…
In the Ukrainian SSR the magazine “Pepper” was printed
We think artists would be surprised to find out how much their satire hit, as they say, not in the eyebrow, but in the eye.
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In 1945, the Second World War ended, and the former allies — the USA and the USSR were already preparing for a new war, this time cold.
On March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill delivers his famous speech in Fulton, which is considered the beginning of the Cold War. Ironically, exactly seven years later, on March 5, 1953, the main opponent of the United States and the entire Western world, Stalin, will die. Whether it was just a coincidence or a sign, it doesn’t matter now, but the fact remains.
Immediately after the end of World War II, the rules for conducting combat operations on the fronts of the Cold War were laid down. Propaganda weapons acquired a new value: if the nuclear bombs acquired by the superpowers were a deterrent and could not be used, for obvious reasons, then propaganda became the only possible offensive weapon, which both sides used sometimes elegantly, and sometimes rather clumsily.
We have selected cartoons that may have something in common with the present time and show the intensity of the struggle in those years. Cartoonists, of course, were at the forefront of this front, and the Crocodile magazine was one of the most powerful weapons of this war.
The last years of the Leader’s life were marked by a special intensity of passions, and there was plenty of that: here is the Korean War, and the spread of bacteriological weapons, and the expansion of the US presence around the world.
Let’s start with the Korean War, which few people remember today, but whose significance was no less than the Vietnamese one. In it, the two superpowers did not have a direct clash, but actively participated in the armed conflict, supplying weapons, specialists, and financing the warring parties. Of course, the parties accused each other of direct participation in the conflict, although both sides did not admit their participation.
It is curious to note that America’s current «successes» in local conflicts in Iraq, Libya, and Afghanistan, it turns out, are based precisely on the Korean War.
Officially, the conflict between North and South Korea from 1950 to 1953 was considered to be intranational, but in fact, two superpowers were also widely involved in it. As you know, the result of this war was the division of the country into two parts, and the United States was forced to leave the North of the Korean Peninsula.
Both sides accused each other of the mass death of the civilian population, the destruction of peaceful facilities.
Cartoonists paid a lot of attention to the work of the UN. Even then, the USSR constantly reproached the United States for manipulating the UN. Below is a cartoon inspired by a quote from Stalin’s conversation with a Pravda correspondent: «In fact, the UN is now not so much a world organization as an organization for Americans, acting at the behest of American aggressors.»
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And that everything is dictated by capital from Wall Street.
And the US Congress, as a purely hostile institution, was portrayed quite ominously.
US allies were generally accused of not having their own position. Approximately the same situation is now developing in the European Union. This is especially evident when considering Europe’s position on sanctions against Russia.
Russia, both then and now, is worried about the expansion of NATO and the emergence of a large number of US military bases around the world. In 1952, the first wave of expansion of the NATO bloc took place, two new countries, Greece and Turkey, joined the twelve founding countries. Since the founding of NATO, there have been six waves of expansion of this bloc.
Oil was everything, as it was half a century ago, as it is now. And the goals were always the same — control over oil in the Middle East.
«Krokodil» sometimes printed cartoons from friendly magazines of the socialist camp, for example, the Polish magazine «Shpilka». In them, the cartoons were not so aggressive and offensive, they paid more attention to the economic situation in the United States.
It must be admitted that since then the stereotyped reflection of the economic state of America has not changed much.
The USSR has always pointed out that the United States, hiding behind the goals of spreading democracy, actually pursues other goals.
The parties, of course, accused each other of bias, media bias, including unwillingness to see something good from the other side. According to the USSR, the media tycoons set the tone, including the media empire of William Hearst, which currently owns more than fifty newspapers, as well as well-known glossy magazines Cosmopolitan, Esquire, Harper’s Bazaar and many others.
Any excuse was used for propaganda. Centenary of the death of N.V. Gogol was used to the fullest, they used quotes from his works. A very interesting quote about Europe was posted on the main page of Krokodil.
And more quotes from Gogol and cartoons.
There have always been persons in history who are credited with a special role in the deterioration of relations in one country or another.
Now few people remember who Harriman Averell is, about whom Stalin said that he was responsible for the deterioration of relations between the USSR and the USA after World War II. He served as coordinator of the Marshall Plan from 1948 to 1950, from 1950 to 1951 — Special Assistant to President Truman for Foreign Policy, and part-time also an industrialist. And here quotes from “dead souls” came in handy.
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From the middle of the Second World War, the USA, the USSR and Great Britain began large-scale work on the production of bacteriological weapons. In 1971, the Biological Weapons Convention was adopted. Bacteriological warfare has a very specific character. Feathers, insects, animals, solutions are used to spread infected material, which for a cartoonist is an uncultivated field for plots.
And for infection, pathogens of the most terrible diseases were used, such as typhus, anthrax, and plague.
In 1925, the United States, Russia and other countries signed the Geneva Protocol, which prohibits the use of asphyxiating and poisonous gases, as well as bacteriological agents in war.
However, this did not prevent countries from violating it.
The well-known character Uncle Sam was actively used in caricatures. In 1952, the centenary of the appearance of this image was celebrated. Soviet cartoonists «modernized» the image.
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In general, the attitude towards the United States was created not only hostile, but even squeamish.
As can be seen from the cartoons, both countries have reached incredible heights in demonizing each other. The best cartoonists worked on the images, creating memorable characters. The world has changed since then, but the approaches have remained the same, but the tools have changed. Caricature, especially political caricature, has lost ground. TV and the Internet became the main tools, which, as they say, “burn the hearts of people with a verb”, reinforcing this with a visual range. Despite the fact that ominous images were created in the cartoons, it was an abstraction and a person could look at it from the outside.