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Seguro que habrás oído hablar de los dinosaurios. Es más, seguro que has visto películas y dibujos para niños, y no tan niños, en los que aparecen. Pero, tienes que saber que muchas veces son representados de forma incorrecta para favorecer tu diversión.
El primer dato que debes tener en cuenta es que dinosaurios y humanos nunca convivieron en nuestro planeta. Así pues, tómate las pelis y los dibujos simplemente como algo divertido.
Vivieron y dominaron la Tierra durante 135 millones de años aproximadamente. La extinción de los dinosaurios se produjo hace 65 millones de años. Eran los vertebrados dominantes y había especies de gran tamaño. En eso no mienten los dibujos.
Hemos identificado 500 especies de saurios. Los populares son un género más que aglutina a diversas especies. Había entre ellos grandes diferencias, pero nosotros los vamos a dividir en dos tipos: los ornitisquios y los saurisquios. Para que te hagas una idea, los primeros tienen cadera de ave y los segundos de lagarto.
Los ornitisquios eran todos herbívoros, y quizás el más conocido sea el triceratops.
Los saurisquios eran parientes del cocodrilo. Dentro de este género había carnívoros y herbívoros. Aquí tenemos muchos conocidos como el velociraptor, pero sobre todo el diplodocus y el tiranosaurio.
El diplodocus es el más grande de los dinosaurios. En 1907 se encontró el esqueleto de un ejemplar de 27 m, aunque se han hallado restos parciales de ejemplares que sobrepasarían los 50 m.
El tiranosaurio es el depredador más fiero y temible de la Historia. Medía más de 4 m de altura y de 12 de largo. Su boca contenía 60 piezas dentales y además de su tamaño era muy rápido; podía desplazarse a 65 km/h.
Todos los dinosaurios ponían huevos y se movían generalmente en grandes manadas.
Ya hemos dicho que los dinosaurios se extinguieron hace 65 millones de años. Este suceso hizo posible que comenzaran a desarrollarse la flora y la fauna actuales, ya que muchos de ellos se alimentaban de plantas, como habíamos visto anteriormente.
Desde el principio de las investigaciones sobre estos seres del profesor William Buckland, hace 190 años, la principal obsesión de los científicos ha sido averiguar qué condujo a la desaparición de estos animales. Actualmente, las investigaciones se centran en dos grandes teorías.
La primera aboga por un gran impacto en la Tierra de un cuerpo celeste, un asteroide o un cometa, ya que hay un cráter de 180 km de ancho en el Yucatán. El cuerpo se evaporaría con el impacto, envenenando así el aire.
En la India, por otro lado, hay registros de gran actividad volcánica en la época, que sería la causa de la contaminación del aire.
Otras teorías sostienen que la causa de su desaparición fue un cambio climático gradual. En definitiva,hay diversas teorías que no llegan a concluir en la causa definitiva…
It is inexplicable but true: many children love dinosaurs. Perhaps because these are semi-fabulous giant creatures and they no longer frighten at all, since they have long since died out. What is known about dinosaurs: what were they like, when and how long did they live, what did they eat and why did they disappear from the face of the Earth? So, in order.
“Dinosaur” is translated from Greek as “terrible lizard”. These are scaly creatures that walked on two or four legs and laid eggs. Dinosaurs lived on the planet for 160 million years. They lived everywhere: from Asia to Antarctica. The remains of dinosaurs were also found in Russia – in the Urals, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in Yakutia.
Before them, more than 4 billion years ago, the Earth was inhabited by more primitive organisms: algae, mollusks, later – fish.
In total, scientists have studied more than a thousand species of dinosaurs. They were very different from each other: some – with sharp claws and spikes on the body, others – with horns.
Many people mistakenly think that all dinosaurs were huge. Indeed, some reached the size of a five-story building, but there were also tiny ones – the size of a chicken. It is customary to depict dinosaurs as gray or green, but in fact, scientists do not know exactly what color these creatures were. This is because dinosaur skin is extremely rare. It is believed that their color merged with the colors of the environment – so it would be easier for dinosaurs to hide from enemies.
Dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. The fact that they once existed, it became known only in the 17th century. Dinosaur bones were first discovered by English scientist Robert Plot in 1677.
Science does not know. There are several versions. The most common: the climate is no longer suitable for dinosaurs (became too cold or hot) or volcanic eruptions have poisoned the atmosphere.
Despite their formidable appearance, many of them were not predators – they ate ferns, leaves, cones, flowers and fruits from trees. In those days, the Earth was humid and hot and favorable conditions were created for the growth of numerous plants, so that herbivores did not have to starve.
But there were also carnivorous dinosaurs, who hunted animals and ate their eggs. Some of them could not chew and swallowed stones so that the food itself was ground in the stomach.
The main task of dinosaurs was to get food and at the same time protect themselves from predators. Herbivores defended themselves with horns and spikes, carnivores had teeth and claws.
There is no exact answer to this question either. Scientists think that large dinosaurs lived for a relatively long time – up to 300 years, and small ones – up to about 20.
In any case, even long-lived dinosaurs did not catch the appearance of man on the planet: people began to inhabit the Earth only 64 million years after their extinction.
This is done by paleontologists – people who specialize in studying the remains of extinct organisms. They work both in excavations – in places where fossils were found – and in laboratories. These scientists search, extract from the ground, and then carefully study the bones of ancient animals.
In laboratories, paleontologists find out how the creatures that own the found bones lived and hunted, and determine their age. Sometimes conclusions have to be drawn with only a couple of bones, or even one at all.
In addition, specialists make copies of bones, from which skeletons are then assembled and exhibited in museums.
Paleontologists also study fossilized footprints left by dinosaurs. To understand what kind of animal left the footprint, scientists find out the “age” of the rock where they found this print, and compare the shape of the fingers and feet with the appearance of the dinosaurs that lived in that era.
Paleontologists give names to dinosaur species, often based on the name of the area where the bones were found.
As already noted, there are more than a thousand species. Let’s take a closer look at the most famous ones.
One of the largest predators of all time. He walked on two legs with two clawed toes on each, had a large skull and a long heavy tail, teeth the size of bananas.
Some scientists believe that the Tyrannosaurus rex could not run and was clumsy, so it did not hunt, but ate only dead animals. However, the more common view is that these dinosaurs were both predators and scavengers, stealing prey from others whenever possible. Tyrannosaurus was able to eat up to 150 kilograms of meat in one sitting, but then starve for several days.
The skeleton of the largest tyrannosaurus rex was found in 1991 in the province of Canada. The length of the skeleton reached 13 meters, weight – almost 9 tons.
These are aquatic dinosaurs that look like dolphins: a head fused with the body, very large eyes, fins. There are many teeth in the mouth. Ichthyosaurs weighed mainly up to 2 tons, reached several meters in length. Although species are known, the length of which reached 24 meters, and body weight – 40 tons.
The first ichthyosaur was found in Russia in 1821, while the largest accumulation of dinosaur bones of this species was found in Germany.
Ichthyosaurs were carnivorous – they ate fish and shellfish and hunted in packs. The cubs were born in the water and immediately knew how to swim. Ichthyosaurs did not go to land.
Distinctive feature – bone plates and spikes on the back and tail (to protect against attacks). These dinosaurs walked on four legs. They ate only tender leaves, because they had poorly developed jaws. Stegosaurus teeth were almost unsuitable for chewing. In order to assimilate even delicate plant food, the stegosaurus was forced to swallow stones – they frayed the plants in its stomach.
Stegosaurus reached 9 meters in length and weighed up to 9 tons – about the size of an elephant. The bones of these dinosaurs were first found in the United States in 1877.
A distinctive feature is three horns (one at the tip of the nose, two above the eyes), bone “collars” on the head and a beak on the muzzle. “Collars” served to protect the head and shoulders, with horns the males scared away enemies and fought, including for females in the mating season, and with their beak they cut off the branches of shrubs and ferns.
Outwardly, Triceratops are similar to rhinos, only larger – up to 3 meters in height and 9 in length, with an average weight of about 12 tons. Only the head reached a length of 2 meters. These dinosaurs had several hundred teeth in their mouths.
They ate plants, moved on four thick legs, lived in small groups.
Triceratops are one of the last dinosaurs on Earth. And their bones were first found in the United States in 1899.
The most tailed dinosaur – with its 11-meter thin tail it drove away predators. And he also had a long neck, a small head with big eyes and long teeth, four paws. In length reached 30 meters.
Diplodocus ate plant foods. To cut off tall trees, they stood on their hind legs. And they also swallowed stones.
Diplodocus were herd animals, swam well and preferred to live in swamps – they came out on land only to eat and lay eggs.
Diplodocus lived on the territory of modern North America. Fossilized dinosaur vertebrae of this species were first found in the USA (Colorado) in 1877.
These tiny, turkey-like creatures, by dinosaur standards, were about 1.80 centimeters long and weighed just 20 kilograms like a child. Velociraptor bones were first found in the Gobi Desert (Mongolia) at 1924 year.
It is not known exactly what these dinosaurs looked like: they were previously depicted as lizard-like, with green scaly skin, now it is believed that they had plumage like birds. Some even suggest that the feathers were multicolored. Surely scientists know that the Velociraptor had three fingers with sharp claws on the front limbs and four on the back.
Despite their modest size, velociraptors were dangerous and agile predators. They jumped on the victim, grabbed with their teeth and stuck their claws into it, inflicting mortal wounds.
Velociraptors became “trendy” after the 1993 Jurassic Park movie. By the way, there they look huge and hunt in packs. Both are inventions.
Many consider pterodactyls to be dinosaurs, and they are wrong. Pterodactyls are pterosaurs, or winged lizards, relatives of dinosaurs. Unlike dinosaurs, pterodactyls could fly. Of modern animals, they were similar in appearance and habits to birds and bats.
The forelimbs of pterodactyls turned into wings (span reached 8 meters), the body was covered with fur. Some had a tail, not all had teeth. Pterodactyls were distinguished by long clawed limbs.
These pangolins lived like modern birds: in flocks, they flew during the day and looked for food, at night they slept upside down, clinging to tree branches.
The method of subsistence depended on the size of the pterodactyl. Small ones, the size of a crow, ate insects, larger ones – fish and lizards. Some pterodactyls were two meters long and one and a half meters high and weighed more than 75 kilograms.
It is believed that pterodactyls had a good brain and had excellent eyesight. They lived in the territories of the USA, East Africa, Western Europe, Australia, Russia. Their bones were first found in Bavaria (Germany) in 1784.
Largest : seismosaurus. It weighed over 50 tons and reached 36 meters in length. Found in what is now the United States.
The heaviest : titanosaur (up to 80 tons!)
The smallest : compsognathus. Its average length was only 60–100 cm, and its weight was about 2 kilograms, but this baby had more than 60 sharp teeth. Found in what is now Germany.
The very first : of those currently explored, either Herrerosaurus or Eoraptor. Both bipeds lived approximately 230-225 million years ago.
The longest necked : according to modern data, this is a Mamenchisaurus. Its neck reached 14 meters in length.
The fastest : Ornithomemmosaurus. He ran at speeds up to 50 kilometers per hour.
The most big-eyed : Dromiceiomyom. His eyes were on the sides of his head. Thus, this dinosaur created an excellent overview – and an advantage over enemies.
The most toothy : Hadrosaurus. He had 980 teeth!
The “longest-named” : micropachycephalosaurus (meaning “small fat-headed lizard”). Most often, his bones are found in China.
Possibly the smartest : troodon. His brain was the size of a bird—comparatively large. Most dinosaurs had small brains, about the size of a walnut.
On the other hand, scientists continue to excavate and research. It is possible that we still have a lot to learn about dinosaurs.
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Amateur paleontologists have found 140 dinosaur footprints in the Australian village of Skenes Creek. Paleontologists still cannot determine who they belong to. Perhaps this is a new unknown species.
A tall carnivorous dinosaur with 100 cm long fingers walked across Australia 120 million years ago – that’s what scientists know about it so far.
Where did you find the footprints of the new dinosaur?
Tim Wagstaff and his wife Kate went to Skenes Creek in Australia to look for dinosaur tracks. Earlier in the 80s, the fossilized remains of a dinosaur similar to a predator were found there. During the search, Wagstaff managed to find the prints of an unknown dinosaur. So far, scientists are investigating the find and suggest that it may be a new species.
According to Wagstaff, he and his wife Kate explored the sea rock shelf, where the couple found dinosaur footprints. There were many prints of different sizes on the rock.
The footprints, they said, were similar to those of modern birds, only the fingers were about 100 cm long. The trail with dinosaur footprints stretched for about 25 m along a rock ledge.
On the first day of the search, the couple saw 60 tracks at once, and as they searched, they found more and more. After Tim and Kate reported their find, they began working with paleontologists from across Australia to document the discovery and move forward.
What do scientists say about these footprints?
They photographed the tracks and first sent them to the Victoria Museum for further study. But after Anthony Romilio, a dinosaur track researcher at the University of Queensland, learned about the find, a few more intriguing details emerged about the find. Romilio said that Tim and Kate Wagstaff are on site and are documenting a lot of information for him remotely.
“They take a series of photographs of each footprint and then send it to me. I create a 3D model of it and share it with the entire scientific community,” he said.
Dr Romilio is one of Australia’s few experts in paleotechnology, the field that studies dinosaur footprints. And he confirmed that the footprints are 100% dinosaur. And some of them, according to Romilio, still belong to an unknown species.
In any case, scientists still have not been able to identify all the tracks and link several of them to any species studied.
“So far we have found 140 footprints of this dinosaur at one site,” said Dr. Romilio. According to him, such a huge number of prints of different dinosaurs is a rarity. But it is not yet known what species these traces could belong to.
It has been suggested that bipedal herbivorous ornithopods, such as Diluvicursor, Leaellinasaurus, or possibly Atlascopcosaurus, walked at this site. There were very small footprints on the site that looked like paw prints of chickens. And at the same time they alternated with prints, the length of which reached 120 cm.
Diluvicursor
What did scientists learn about an unknown species of dinosaurs?
Dr. Romilio said he was a little worried because some of the prints might be from a previously unknown carnivorous dinosaur.
“There was one kind of carnivorous dinosaur footprint that I had never seen before in Australia,” he said.
According to him, further analysis is needed to determine whether it was a new species or already known, but lived in another part of the world. However, several paleontologists who have seen photographs of the prints have mentioned the name of a particularly ferocious predator whose fossilized bones have been found near Cape Otway, Australovenator.
Australovenator
Why is an unknown dinosaur compared to a ferocious predator?
Tim Ziegler, of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Victorian Museum, said the newly discovered footprint was located in an area where dinosaurs used to live. The same place was home to the fearsome predator Australovenator.
“If you want to know who was the largest and most feared predator of the dinosaur era in Victoria, then it’s definitely Australovenator,” said Ziegler.
Australovenator stands for Southern hunter.