Jade es un nombre propio proveniente del nombre de la piedra ornamental jade, usada con frecuencia en el arte y en la confección de joyas. El nombre deriva de piedra de la ijada. Una creencia popular afirma que si se ponía una piedra de jade sobre la barriga de los bebés, esta podía curar los cólicos.[1] La piedra tiene un gran valor en Asia. Confucio le atribuía propiedades de pureza, valentía y honestidad. Emperadores chinos fueron enterrados con trajes hechos de dicha piedra porque creían que los haría vivir para siempre.[2]
El nombre ha sido usado tanto para niños como para niñas en Estados Unidos. Jade se quedó con el puesto 113° en la lista de nombres más populares para niñas nacidas en Estados Unidos en 2007 y estuvo entre los 1.000 nombres más comunes para niños en Estados Unidos a mediados de los 90s.[3] Jade ocupó el puesto 232° de los nombres más comunes en Inglaterra y Gales en 2007. [4] A mediados de los 90, Jade entró en el top 25 de nombres más populares de niñas en Inglaterra y Gales. Estuvo también entre los 100 nombres más comunes para niñas en Escocia, Francia, Irlanda, Bélgica, Canadá, Australia, e Irlanda del Norte.[3] Jada, una variante del nombre, se quedó con en el puesto 97° de frecuencia entre las niñas nacidas en Estados Unidos en 2007 y fue el 89° más popular en Columbia Británica en 2006.[5] Jayda, una variante escrita, fue el nombre 262° más popular para niñas nacidas en 2007 en Estados Unidos.[6] Jaden, un nombre popular entre niños y niñas es visto como una variante de Jade.
Jade se ha vuelto cada vez más popular en Francia desde 1990. Fue el 7° nombre más otorgado a niñas recién nacidas en 2005.
Esta obra contiene una traducción derivada de «Jade (given name)» de Wikipedia en inglés, concretamente de esta versión, publicada por sus editores bajo la Licencia de documentación libre de GNU y la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 3.
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Jade es un nombre propio proveniente del nombre de la piedra ornamental jade, usada con frecuencia en el arte y en la confección de joyas. El nombre deriva de piedra de la ijada. Una creencia popular afirma que si se ponía una piedra de jade sobre la barriga de los bebés, esta podía curar los cólicos.[1] La piedra tiene un gran valor en Asia. Confucio le atribuía propiedades de pureza, valentía y honestidad. Emperadores chinos fueron enterrados con trajes hechos de dicha piedra porque creían que los haría vivir para siempre.[2]
El nombre ha sido usado tanto para niños como para niñas en Estados Unidos. Jade se quedó con el puesto 113° en la lista de nombres más populares para niñas nacidas en Estados Unidos en 2007 y estuvo entre los 1.
000 nombres más comunes para niños en Estados Unidos a mediados de los 90s.[3] Jade ocupó el puesto 232° de los nombres más comunes en Inglaterra y Gales en 2007.[4] A mediados de los 90, Jade entró en el top 25 de nombres más populares de niñas en Inglaterra y Gales. Estuvo también entre los 100 nombres más comunes para niñas en Escocia, Francia, Irlanda, Bélgica, Canadá, Australia, e Irlanda del Norte.[3] Jada, una variante del nombre, se quedó con en el puesto 97° de frecuencia entre las niñas nacidas en Estados Unidos en 2007 y fue el 89° más popular en Columbia Británica en 2006.[5] Jayda, una variante escrita, fue el nombre 262° más popular para niñas nacidas en 2007 en Estados Unidos.[6] Jaden, un nombre popular entre niños y niñas es visto como una variante de Jade.
Jade se ha vuelto cada vez más popular en Francia desde 1990. Fue el 7° nombre más otorgado a niñas recién nacidas en 2005.
1 Mujeres
Esta obra contiene una traducción derivada de «Jade (given name)» de Wikipedia en inglés, concretamente de esta versión, publicada por sus editores bajo la Licencia de documentación libre de GNU y la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 3.
0 Unported.
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In China jade yu 玉 ( yù ) is considered the king of stones. It is valued for its hardness and durability, musical qualities and beauty. He personifies wisdom and eternity, Heaven and Earth. The translucent texture of jade is associated with the soul and spiritual aspirations. Many unique properties and qualities are attributed to jade. Jade jewelry has a deep meaning and is considered a talisman.
Today in China, in many museums, art galleries and antique markets, you can see a variety of jade products
In China, a whole group of stones was called “jade”: jade proper, jasper, jadeite, agalmatolite, various varieties of serpentine, and others.
Serpentine products. Geological Museum, Beijing
Jade is divided into two types: hard and soft. Deposits of hard jade (jadeite) are located in Burma.
Burmese jadeite items. Geological Museum, Beijing
Mostly soft jade is mined in China, with a hardness of 5.6-6.5 on the Mohs scale. In the hands of artisans, this stone acquires amazing plasticity. The master, before starting polishing, carefully examines the stone, trying to predict its best shape and pattern. An ancient Chinese saying says: «Gold has a price, jade is priceless» . The most valuable was considered the Khotan jade of the color of «lamb fat» with a matte sheen, which could only be owned by the emperor — «Son of Heaven». In addition to white, such varieties of jade were valued as: yellow, red, green, black, colored and others.
Items made from varieties of jade: yellow, turquoise (jasper), green. Geological Museum, Beijing
Jade was believed to be able to grant immortality. Therefore, this hieroglyph is present in the names of many Taoist deities, for example, Yu-huang 玉皇 — Heavenly Ruler, Yu-nu 玉女 — Jade Maiden and others.
Jade items in one of Beijing’s hudsalons
The character yu 玉 is very ancient and is one of the 214 keys of Chinese characters. As a pictogram, it is found in Yin divinatory inscriptions on animal bones and tortoise shells (1600-1046 BC), depicting jade plates fastened with a rope. The hieroglyph wang 王 is associated with him — the ruler. Jade, like the ruler, is what unites the Great Triad: Heaven, Earth and Man, the three great creative forces of the Universe. The key «jade» can be seen in the simplified hieroglyph «state» th 国.
Jade pictogram on Yin divinatory inscriptions
The keys «jade» 玉 and «ruler» 王 are present in the names of many ornamental and precious stones, as well as in words with the meaning «jewel», «treasure» and similar, for example, san bao 三宝 — «three [Buddhist] jewels». Many phrases include the word «jade»: yu mian 玉面 — «wonderful face», «your face», yu nu 玉女 — «beauty», «celestial», «your daughter», etc.
The word «jade» is often found in Chinese idiomatic expressions (chengyu), for example: 抛砖引玉 pāo zhuān yǐn yù — «throw a brick and get jasper in return» (i.e. express your opinion in order to initiate discussion, give impetus discussion). This is the 17th of 36 ancient Chinese stratagems.
Taote carving on jade. Zhejiang Provincial Museum in Hangzhou
Jade mining in China dates back to the Neolithic period. At that time, jade was used mainly for the manufacture of ritual knives and axes. Since ancient times, deposits have been developed in Henan and along the Yangtze River. Ancient developments of jade are also known in the province of Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. By now, they are all completely exhausted.
The most valuable white jade was received by the Chinese as a tribute from the Central Asian state of Hotan , located on the Great Silk Road (now the district of Hotian in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China). White «mutton» jade was valued more than not only gold and silver, but also green jade.
Skilled artisans turned it into exquisite pieces of art that were the property of the imperial court.
White jade products. Geological Museum, Beijing
The earliest jade products date back to the 3rd millennium BC. They belong to Liangzhu culture 良渚文化 (3300-2200 BC), located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze with its center in the Taihu Lake area. The so-called “six ritual nephrites” liu yu liu rui 六玉六瑞 (lit. “six nephrites six scepters”) were discovered here:
These jade items were primarily of ritual rather than practical significance and were a symbol of political and religious power. Over time, the ancient meaning of these ritual objects was lost. In the treatise «Zhou li» 周礼 («Zhou rituals»), probably written during the Zhangguo period (403-256 BC) or the Han era (206 BC — 220 AD), they were rethought in cosmological terms. Round disc — bi began to symbolize the Sky, a square vessel — tsun — the Earth. Gui , zhang , hu and guan corresponded with the corresponding cardinal directions: east, south, west and north. Thus, these ritual objects are associated with the concept of Wu-sin (“five elements”).
Disc-bi. National Museum of China, Beijing
Jade is also found in the Longshan culture 龍山文化 (II millennium BC), located in the Yellow River basin and on the east coast of China. Here were found such ritual jade tools as axes, knives and chisels with anthropomorphic images applied to them.
The Hongshan culture 紅山文化 (5th-3rd millennium BC), located in northeastern China and Inner Mongolia, includes jade pendants and large C-shaped ornaments with realistic images of various animals.
Hongshan jade artifacts: zoomorphic pattern on a jade plate and three bi-circles joined together. National Museum of China, Beijing
Jade jewelry was found in the tombs of Yin rulers in Anyang, Henan Province. In the Han era, members of the imperial family and prominent dignitaries were buried in special clothes made from jade plates fastened with gold thread. It was believed that thanks to jade, the soul would not part with the body and, thus, a person would live forever.
Green jade ornaments in the form of dragons. Kingdom of Chu, Zhangguo era. National Museum of China, Beijing
Confucians attributed to jade «five good qualities» wu de 五德 inherent in a noble man jun-tzu 君子. Its soft brilliance and inner warmth correlates with philanthropy/humanity jen 仁.
The hardness of jade symbolizes courage and fidelity to duty and 义. Transparency, showing color and natural structure, is associated with the inner purity of a person and fidelity blue 信. The melodic sound that appears when a jade is struck is associated with wisdom/reasonableness zhi 智. And, finally, jade, being a symbol of supreme power, personifies the ritual li 礼.
Jade ware, Ming period (1368-1644). Museum of Haidian District History in Beijing
Jade was believed to be able to heal fatigue and give strength. In the past, jade spoons, spatulas and pestles were used to make medicines, which were thought to impart their healing properties to the ingredients. Crushed jade was often used as a medicine. They believed that in the hands of a person who persists in his delusions, jade darkens.
Mouthpieces for opium pipes were made from jade. It was believed that a smoker using such a pipe would live a long time.
Jade carved teapot in one of Beijing’s hud saloons
Jade is widely used to make various ornaments and fine objects.
Jade is used to carve stands for brushes and chopsticks. Jade figurines of Buddhist and Taoist deities, as well as figurines with good symbols decorate the house. In the imperial era, finely carved plates were made from precious white jade, which were hung from a headdress or belt, and while walking they made a melodious ringing, scaring away evil spirits.
Jade products in one of Beijing’s hud salons
Over time, Chinese stone-cutting art has reached unprecedented heights. Nowadays, both miniature ornaments, richly decorated with carvings, and huge compositions are carved from jade. Jade products are always valued and considered a welcome gift.
Numerous pieces of jade can always be found in Chinese antique markets.
Currently, several jade deposits are being developed in China. At Hotan District (Hetian) 和田 white jade is mined in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Jade from Xuyan County 岫岩 in Liaoning Province is white or light green in color and is usually translucent.
Jade from Lantian County 蓝田县, located north of Xi’an in Shanxi Province, tends to be yellow with green flecks. Sometimes a pattern resembling clouds is noticeable in it.
The most common variety of jade is mined in Nanyang City District 南阳 in Henan Province. This translucent jade is colored yellowish or white with pinkish, green, yellow patches and has many different impurities. Often it is used to make sculptural compositions.
Today in Chinese antique markets you can find various copies of antique jade products
No other stone is as popular in China as jade. They love him, appreciate him, wear him, admire him, sing him. Like a dragon or a peony, jade is one of the unshakable symbols of China and Chinese culture.
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Today, jewelers value this semi-precious ornamental stone, creating a variety of jewelry.
From time immemorial, it has been used much more extensively. Due to its specific appearance, the mineral earned the fame of healing among ancient healers — after all, pebbles polished with water are so similar to human kidneys. Hence the name of the gem.
It is believed that the origin of the word is connected with the Greek expression «ς νεφριτικός». Literally, it translates as «kidney stone». In Spain, there is a similar expression «piedra de ijada». All this is due to the fact that the mineral was credited with a particularly beneficial effect on the kidneys and urinary system.
It is known that even in ancient times, weapons and amulets were made from jade. Because it is extremely hard, it made excellent arrowheads. He was credited with magical properties. In Samarkand, a real masterpiece of its kind has still been preserved. There, from such a stone, they created a whole tomb for the legendary Tamerlane. Moreover, the tombstone is made of a huge solid jade. In Bangkok (Thailand), there is a jade statue of Buddha, which is recognized as a shrine.
In China, there is a similar sculpture, 6 meters high, made of a milky-colored mineral.
Historians say that jade has been used by humans since the Neolithic. Then he was valued for the highest strength. Therefore, mainly weapons, household items and tools were made of stone. The mineral was especially revered in the Balkans and in China. Therefore, a jade culture is distinguished here, which developed from the end of the 7th millennium BC.
But in other regions the stone was revered and used. For example, in Russia they made a sarcophagus for Tsar Alexander III from it. Moreover, a huge mineral discovered in Siberia was used for it. You can also say for sure that on the territory of Buryatia and the Chita region, the ancient peoples from ancient times mined and used the gem. Since in these places tools of labor made of jade, made back in the Bronze and Stone Ages, were found.
If we turn to science, then this mineral belongs to the category of jade.
Jadeite is also attributed to it. They are united by the composition: it is dominated by calcium silicate with the addition of iron and calcium.
The physical characteristics of the stone have surprised and continue to surprise people to this day. After all, it is extremely hard — it received 6-6.5 points on the Mohs scale. Jade is inferior in strength properties only to diamond and corundum, topaz and quartz. Moreover, thin plates from such a gem are translucent through. At a break, the surface has a silky sheen. If it is polished, it takes on a glass-like appearance.
Strength in jade is uniquely combined with toughness. If you hit it, you won’t be able to split it. Perhaps only the formation of a hole. To make products from a gem, a diamond-coated tool is used.
Beautiful and durable stone is mined today in different countries. Its deposits are available in the following states:
Russia also mines jade. To date, more than five deposits have been explored and are being developed on the territory of the Russian Federation. The most promising is called the East Sayan. In addition, research is being conducted on the territory of the Vitim and Dzhida groups. A jade deposit is also being developed in the Polar Urals. So far, its reserves are enough to satisfy human needs. The highest quality is called a gem from New Zealand.
This mineral is classified as semi-precious ornamental stones of the first order. It is divided into three types, depending on the texture:
But in terms of color, the variety of gems is much wider. Jade is almost white, which is beautiful in its own way. The range of green shades is very diverse. Among them are yellowish, marsh, bright emerald, muted grassy. In nature, there are dark minerals — brown and even black.
Colors such as gray, blue and red are considered the rarest.
Since jade is considered sacred in China, the Celestial Empire came up with their own classification of gems. In China, the following types of stones are distinguished:
Higher value stones with a pure color. If they have spots, this is due to impurities of chlorine, manganese, iron.
Since the shape of the gem resembles a kidney, it is quite natural that people believed that it was of particular benefit to such an organ.
However, other medicinal properties were also attributed to it. In fact, it was used in the treatment of various ailments.
It was considered useful to wear such a stone close to the body. Doctors recommended crushing it and taking it orally in the form of a powder. In the same form, it was applied to wounds, believing that thanks to such manipulation, they would heal faster.
Even today this gem is in demand in lithotherapy. First of all, it is believed that it is really useful for the kidneys and urinary system. The beneficial effect is achievable due to the high heat capacity. The mineral is used in many ways:
Local treatment is believed to improve blood circulation. In parallel, tissue regeneration is activated.
The mineral helps to restore tone, relieve fatigue. It also promotes heart health, normalizes sleep, normalizes the nervous system.
Mainly beliefs about jade came from China. They believed that he gives people the noblest qualities — honesty and justice, mercy and courage combined with wisdom. Moreover, the mineral itself is supposedly able to identify a person with bad thoughts. The Chinese believe that the gem darkens if it is picked up by such a person.
There is also a belief that the stone has protective properties. For its owner, it serves as a talisman against all sorts of troubles. Especially if you choose the right color for it. For example, red will fight the negativity that fire can bring. Therefore, in a house where they are afraid of fire, by the way, there is a jade figurine. If a person is panicky afraid of burns, he should buy such an ornament.
You can safely buy jade so as not to be afraid of damage and the evil eye.
And if you have long wanted to start a family, then it is better to find a ring from such a gem. In any home, a small jade souvenir would be appropriate. After all, he will attract good luck, and therefore the inhabitants will be lucky in all matters and undertakings. But the most important thing is that all goals should be noble.
Correctly take into account the date of birth, choosing a stone that can bring good luck and attract positive. To whom jade is 100% suitable, these are people who were born under the signs of Taurus or Virgo. It is to them that such a gem is especially recommended.
There are also more precise recommendations on how to use jewelry made of the most beautiful stone so that Fortune favors everything. Taurus should get a jade bracelet, and put it on your right hand. Then they will live happily ever after. For virgins, the same decoration promises family happiness.
Among the other signs of the Zodiac, jade is worth paying close attention to Aquarius and Gemini.
In general, it does not hurt, but there are exceptions. For example, it comes into conflict with signs that relate to the water element. This is because the mineral brings too much energy into their lives, and from this it even suppresses. This warning applies to Pisces, Scorpios and Cancers.
It is not for nothing that the stone is called ornamental stone — various products are made from it . Although it is incredibly hard, the diamond manages to cut it. Also, the material lends itself to other types of processing. An experienced carver and jeweler will certainly use all the advantages of a gem. It emphasizes its characteristic texture, highlights inclusions, if any. Thin chips, where the jade literally glows, give a special grace.
It makes exquisite beads and earrings, bracelets and necklaces. Jewelery made of solid stone has a special charm. Candlesticks, amulets, rosaries and other jade souvenirs are in great demand. Stands for incense sticks look interesting.