Te explicamos qué son las normas de convivencia y sus características. Además, las normas en el aula, en el hogar y en la comunidad.
Las normas de convivencia dependen del lugar y la cultura.
Las normas de convivencia son pautas de protocolo, respeto y organización que rigen el espacio, el tiempo, los bienes y el tránsito entre las personas que comparten un lugar y un momento determinados.
Son reglas básicas de conducta que determinan cuál es el comportamiento adecuado en un lugar específico, para cohabitarlo pacíficamente con los demás.
En ese sentido, las normas de convivencia comprenden una serie de deberes y normas de obligado cumplimiento, fundamentadas en el respeto mutuo, la tolerancia y el desempeño compartido de los deberes.
Para que funcionen, por demás, deben ser conocidos y comprendidos por todos los que deseen compartir el espacio físico en cuestión, o formar parte del grupo social que lo hace, y por esa razón a menudo son contenidas en textos escritos: carteles, folletos, anuncios, etc.
Las normas de convivencia difieren enormemente entre sí, dependiendo del lugar que rijan y de la cultura que las haya formulado. Por esa razón, por ejemplo, es lícito desnudarse en los vestuarios de un gimnasio, y no en el hall de un edificio de oficinas.
O, también, es lícito sentarse al lado de un desconocido en la barra de un bar, pero no ocupar un espacio disponible en su mesa sin consultarle.
Cuando este tipo de normativas, que tienen orígenes culturales diversos (pragmáticos, sociales, religiosos, morales, etc.), se incumplen o son violentadas de manera recurrente, se da pie al conflicto y a diversas formas de resolución del mismo: la violencia, la coerción verbal a cumplir la norma, la expulsión del individuo desobediente del lugar, etc.
Ver también: Sociedad
Las normas de convivencia de un lugar determinado deben tener las siguientes características:
En un aula cuando el profesor habla, los alumnos deben prestar atención.
En un aula de clases tradicional, las normas de convivencia suelen girar en torno a:
La limpieza de los cuartos es responsabilidad del miembro a quien pertenezca.
Las normas de cada hogar están determinadas generalmente por los padres que lo sostienen económica y socialmente, y pueden variar mucho entre sí. Pero por lo general apuntan a:
Dicha asignación puede ser voluntaria o por negociación.El volumen de la música, entre otros, debe ser moderado.
Al igual que los casos previos, cada comunidad puede determinar sus normas de convivencia de acuerdo a sus necesidades, pero generalmente apuntan a lo siguiente:
Los dilemas se resolverán de manera madura y frontal, en conjunto con la comunidad de ser necesario.
“Normas de convivencia”. Autor: Equipo editorial, Etecé. De: Argentina. Para: Concepto.de.
Disponible en: https://concepto.de/normas-de-convivencia/.
Última edición: 12 de agosto de 2022.
Consultado:
13 de noviembre de 2022
Las normas de convivencia son un conjunto de reglas establecidas en un grupo social.
Su fin es orientar y facilitar las relaciones entre los sujetos y garantizar el buen desarrollo del trabajo y la vida cotidiana.
Estas normas se basan en valores como la tolerancia, el respeto mutuo, el cumplimiento de los deberes y derechos y el respeto de los derechos ajenos.
Las normas de convivencia difieren según los contextos: familia, escuela, iglesia, lugar de trabajo, la comunidad, la ciudad, el ciberespacio, etc.
Entre algunas de las normas de convivencia más importantes en el ambiente escolar, podemos señalar las siguientes:
Algunas de las normas de convivencia del hogar pueden ser las siguientes:
Entre algunas de las normas de convivencia elementales en el trabajo tenemos:
Sea en la comunidad de vecinos o en la gran ciudad, estas pueden ser algunas de las normas de convivencia más importantes:
A diferencia de redes sociales como Facebook o Twitter, donde muchas veces la gente no se conoce, en WhatsApp hay, en teoría, una relación real entre los contactos. Sin embargo, los chats grupales se han convertido en caldo de cultivo de auténticos conflictos.
En efecto, cuando no se respetan los protocolos en los grupos de WhatsApp, se crean enormes problemas por pequeños malentendidos.
Estos ponen en riesgo la convivencia en los ambientes reales, al punto de ser causa de rompimientos y enemistades.
Por eso, en lo que a los grupos se refiere, conviene recordar que, por virtual que sea el medio, la socialización grupal requiere de normas de convivencia. Entre algunas de ellas, podemos sugerir las siguientes. Veamos.
Las redes sociales se han convertido en espacios cotidianos que también exigen normas para la sana convivencia. Muchas personas, escondidas en el anonimato, crean innecesarias tensiones y molestias en las redes sociales debido a sus actitudes irresponsables o irrespetuosas.
Atendiendo a la creciente hostilidad de las redes sociales, algunas personas han reflexionado sobre el asunto y han propuesto algunos criterios para mejorar la convivencia “virtual”.
Es el caso de Virginia Shead, conocida por acuñar el término Netiquette o netiqueta (en su forma castellanizada).
Shead propone el siguiente decálogo, con normas que todo usuario de Internet debe seguir para una sana convivencia:
Podríamos añadir un criterio adicional: cerciorarse de la veracidad de las noticias antes de compartirlas, a fin de evitar la propagación de rumores, errores y malestares sociales innecesarios.
Las normas de convivencia ayudan a prevenir conflictos entre los miembros de un grupo o comunidad. Estos, al sembrar la hostilidad, amenazan el bienestar de la vida cotidiana, dificultan el desarrollo de las metas sociales y pueden, incluso, propiciar desenlaces trágicos e irreparables.
El cumplimiento de las normas de convivencia favorece un ambiente pacífico, la buena comunicación y la asimilación de los valores de respeto, tolerancia, solidaridad y compañerismo.
De esta forma, las normas de convivencia coadyuvan en la transmisión de hábitos saludables en los individuos, en el trabajo productivo y en la construcción del sentido de pertenencia.
También te puede interesar ¿Qué es la Convivencia? y Tipos de Normas.
Vea también 7 ejemplos de valores universales para un mundo mejor.
Cómo citar: (25/08/2022). “Normas de Convivencia”. En: Significados.com. Disponible en: https://www.significados.com/normas-de-convivencia/ Consultado:
The term “convention” can have both a general and a specific meaning.
a ) The term “convention” in a general sense: Article 38(1)(a) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice refers to “international conventions, both general and special” as sources of law, in addition to international customary rules and general principles of international law, and court decisions and doctrines of the most qualified specialists in public law are named as a secondary source. In this common usage, the term “convention” includes all international agreements in the same way that the general term “treaty” does.
Generally recognized principles and rules of law are also traditionally referred to as “convention law” to distinguish them from other sources of international law such as customary law and general principles of international law. Thus, the general term “convention” is synonymous with the general term “treaty”.
b ) Convention as a technical term: while in the last century the term “convention” was traditionally used to refer to bilateral agreements, it is now generally used to refer to formal multilateral treaties involving a large number of parties. Conventions are generally open to the participation of the international community as a whole or a large number of states. Typically, instruments negotiated under the auspices of international organizations are referred to as “conventions” (for example, Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). The same applies to documents adopted by a body of an international organization (for example, the ILO Convention on Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value, 1951, adopted by the International Labor Conference, or the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations).
See also the status of conventions >>
The term ‘statute’ (or ‘charter’) is used to refer to particularly official and solemn documents, such as the founding treaty of an international organization. The term itself has an emotional connotation that goes back to the Magna Carta of 1215. Notable contemporary examples include the 1945 Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States 1952 years old.
The term “protocol” is used to refer to agreements that are less formal than agreements called “treaties” or “conventions”. This term could be used to refer to the following types of documents:
a ) the signing protocol is a subsidiary document in relation to the contract, drawn up by the same parties. Such a protocol deals with ancillary issues such as the interpretation of certain provisions of the treaty, official provisions that were not included in the treaty, or the resolution of technical issues.
The ratification of the treaty will normally be ipso facto include the ratification of such a protocol.
b ) An optional protocol to a treaty is a document that provides for additional rights and obligations in relation to the treaty. It is usually adopted on the same day, but is independent and subject to separate ratification. Such protocols allow some parties to the treaty to establish in their relations such a binding mechanism that goes beyond the framework of the general treaty and is not accepted by all of its participants, resulting in the creation of a “two-stage system”. A famous example is the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 years old.
c ) A protocol based on a framework treaty is an instrument containing specific substantive obligations that is intended to achieve the general objectives of an earlier framework or umbrella convention. Such protocols provide for a simplified and accelerated process for concluding a contract and are especially popular in the field of international environmental law.
An example is the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987, adopted on the basis of Articles 2 and 8 of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985.
d ) Amendment Protocol is a document containing provisions that amend one or more of the earlier treaties, such as the 1946 Protocol to Amend Narcotics Agreements, Conventions and Protocols.
e ) A protocol as an additional treaty is an instrument that contains additional provisions to a previous treaty, such as the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967 to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.
f ) Protocol (Proces-Verbal) is a document that consolidates certain agreements reached by the contracting parties.
The term “declaration” is used to refer to various international documents. However, declarations are not in all cases legally binding.
This term is often deliberately chosen to show that the parties are not going to establish legally binding obligations, but only want to declare certain aspirations. An example is the Rio 19 Declaration92 years old At the same time, declarations can also be treaties in the general sense of the word, which must be binding under international law. In this respect, it must be determined on a case-by-case basis whether the parties intended to establish legally binding obligations. Figuring out the intentions of the parties can often be a difficult task. Some instruments, titled “declarations”, were originally intended to be non-binding, but later their provisions could become a reflection of customary international law or become binding as a rule of customary law. This happened with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 years old. Declarations that must be binding can be classified as follows:
a ) the declaration may be a contract in the proper sense of the word.
A case in point is the 1984 United Kingdom-China Joint Declaration on Hong Kong;
b ) an interpretative declaration is a document that is attached to a treaty for the purpose of interpreting or clarifying its provisions;
c ) a declaration may also refer to an informal agreement on some minor issue;
d ) a number of unilateral declarations (declarations) may constitute binding agreements. A typical example is declarations (statements) under an optional provision of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which create a legal bond between the parties making them, although they are not directly addressed to each other. Another example is the one made by Egypt in 1957, the unilateral Declaration on the Suez Canal and the procedure for its operation, which was considered as an obligation of an international character.
The article briefly outlines the main international legal ways of interpreting the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which is an integral part of the Russian legal system of an international treaty, on which the European Court of Human Rights operates.
General rules
The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is an international treaty and is therefore subject to the general rules of interpretation of international treaties developed by international law. These customary norms are codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a kind of “treaty of treaties” ratified by the Soviet Union. The Courts of General Jurisdiction and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation orientate on the mandatory interpretation of the European Convention and other international treaties based on the requirements of the Vienna Convention.
Rules for the interpretation of international treaties are contained in art. 31–33 of the Vienna Convention. They are of a general nature and are subject to application taking into account the essence and direction of each specific international treaty, i.e. in the light of its object and objectives (clause 1, article 31 of the Vienna Convention), therefore, when interpreting the European Convention, these rules are used taking into account the specifics of this international treaty, aimed at protecting and developing human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as collectively ensuring their effective implementation in the European space.
Powers of national courts
Obligatory interpretation of the European Convention is carried out by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg (art. 32 of the European Convention). At the same time, within the limits of their authority, this act is applied and, therefore, interpreted by national authorities, primarily the courts. Therefore, well-thought-out approaches to the interpretation of certain convention provisions have the right and should be offered by professional legal representatives of the parties, primarily lawyers.
First of all, the European Convention is interpreted in terms of its literal meaning and comparison of its two authentic texts – in English and French.
Convention as a living instrument. The laconic lines of the Convention can hardly provide answers to most of the questions that law enforcers face. That is why the European Court has always proceeded from the fact that the Convention is a “living instrument”. The cases considered by it allow the Court to clarify, concretize, and in some ways expand the normative content of the human rights protected by the Convention.
For example, at the time of the adoption of the Convention, corporal punishment was a normal phenomenon for European schools, but after a few decades, the Court ruled that they were a violation of Art. 3 of the Convention (prohibition of degrading and inhuman treatment or punishment).
The principle of the effectiveness of rights. Based on the object and purpose of the Convention, the European Court consistently defends its interpretation in such a way that the rights enshrined in it remain effective. For example, Art. 6 of the Convention lists a number of procedural guarantees that make the trial fair. The European Court considered that their existence in the Convention text would be useless if neither the right of access to justice nor the right to enforce court decisions rendered and entered into force were not protected, and concluded that these rights, although not named in the text Conventions are present in it implicitly. In general terms, the Court more than 30 years ago formulated this formula as follows: “The Convention is intended to guarantee not theoretical or illusory rights, but rights that are practical and effective.
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Autonomous meaning of conventional concepts. Lawyers practicing mainly in the context of national legal systems should take into account that most of the legal terms used in the text of the Convention have a so-called autonomous meaning, i.e. do not depend on the understanding of the same or similar terms at the level of national law. This is understandable, because otherwise states could easily avoid international liability for violations of the Convention by simply changing their own legislation. In addition, the autonomous meaning of the concepts used in the convention text allows further harmonization of European legal systems.
European consensus. With the identification of uniform approaches to the solution of certain legal problems, another method of interpreting the Convention developed by the Court is connected – the method of establishing a “European consensus”. For example, in the case of discrimination against HIV-positive persons in the area of residence permits, the Court referred to the European consensus (in most European states such restrictions do not exist) as “an additional consideration that is relevant to determining whether the respondent State should be narrow or wide margin of appreciation” in this matter.
Thus, ceteris paribus, the Court is ready to take into account exactly how this or that convention right is implemented, if not in all, then in the vast majority of European countries.
Interpretive aids. According to paragraph 3 of Art. 31 of the Vienna Convention, as auxiliary means of interpreting international treaties, also “any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions”, “subsequent practice in the application of the treaty that establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation” and “any relevant rules of international law, applied in the relations between the participants”.
Subsequent agreements between the states parties to the Convention are, first of all, additional protocols to it (there are currently 14 of them), which are its integral part. The practice of applying both the Convention and its protocols are, first of all, the legal positions contained in law enforcement acts (decrees and decisions) adopted by the European Court.
But “any relevant norms of international law” can be found in international treaties to which all states of the Council of Europe are parties. There are many of them (primarily in the field of human rights protection). Mention should be made of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984). The corresponding norms are also contained in the recommendations adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, to which the European Court refers.
The text of the Convention would have remained a dead letter if it were not for the proactive position of the Court on its interpretation, aimed at instilling concrete content into the laconic convention formulations, which would make it possible to effectively protect human rights from possible violations, primarily by the state. At the same time, such a position would not be possible without the demonstration of creative approaches when applying to the Court by the applicants and their representatives, because in the end it is thanks to them that the Convention is filled with concrete meaning.