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Throughout the existence of history as a science, fundamental debatable issues are invariably accompanied by problems that seem unimportant at first glance. However, if you take a closer look, they not only introduce a certain dissonance into scientific harmony, but sometimes cause serious irritation precisely because of their stupidity and disorder. One of these “little things” has to be recognized as the problem of translation or voicing of foreign proper names.
Henri (Henry) IV of Navarre (fr. Henri IV, Henri Le Grand, Henri de Navarre, 1553-1610), King of Navarre since 1572, King of France since 1589, founder of the French royal Bourbon dynasty. Portrait by the Flemish painter Frans Pourbus the Younger. Versailles, France.
Illustration: Wikimedia Commons/PD.
Louis (Louis) XIV de Bourbon, who went down in history as the “Sun King” (French Louis XIV Le Roi Soleil, Louis le Grand, 1638-1715), King of France and Navarre since 1643. The portrait is attributed to the artist Pierre Mignard. Blois castle, France. Illustration: Wikimedia Commons/PD.
Henry (Henry) IV Bolingbroke (Eng. Henry IV Bolingbroke, 1366/1367-1413), King of England since 1399. Portrait by an unknown artist. National Portrait Gallery, London. Illustration: Wikimedia Commons/PD.
Pedro (Peter) II Catholic (Spanish Pedro II el Catolico, cat. Pere el Catòlic, 1178-1213), King of Aragon since 1196. Portrait by Manuel Aguirre y Monsalbe, 1850s. Collection of the Provincial Deputation of Zaragoza. Illustration: Wikimedia Commons/PD.
Charles (Charles) II (Eng. Charles II, 1630-1685), King of England, Scotland and Ireland since 1660. Portrait by John Riley, 1683 or 1684. The Weiss Gallery, London. Illustration: Wikimedia Commons/PD.
William (William) IV (English William IV, 1765-1837), King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of Hanover since 1830. Portrait by British artist Martin Archer Shea. About 1833. Windsor castle. Illustration: Wikimedia Commons/PD.
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I first touched on this issue a decade and a half ago in my book The Hundred Years’ War and the Wars of the Roses. At that time, my very attempt to find some kind of acceptable solution caused outright rejection among people who were somehow involved in history – as if I had encroached on the sacred. The reaction of opponents on this occasion created the impression that my proposal to call the English king James, and not Jacob, and the French king Louis, and not Louis, threatened to shake the very foundations of Russian culture.
Obvious absurdities that have naturally accumulated in our language, for some reason did not and do not bother anyone either at the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, or at the specialized Institutes of the Russian Language, of which there are at least two in our country, or at the Institute for Linguistic Research.
Apparently, they believe that it is not only permissible, but absolutely correct and apodictic to call the great Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, as if he were not a baronet of the United Kingdom at all, but some kind of Prussian Junker. And after all, exactly the same name of his father, the Edinburgh lawyer Scott Sr., is transmitted quite adequately to how it is pronounced in Scottish English – Walter. Or such an example. In domestic literature, Buckingham Palace and Buckingham University peacefully coexist with the city of Buckingham and the county of Buckinghamshire, as well as with the title of the Duke of Buckingham, in especially “neglected” cases – Buckingham (why not Buckingham, as he was called in translation 1900 year 1 ). There is no need to explain that in all five words the stem is absolutely identical.
There are many such incidents in the modern Russian language. We often call the city of Kingston upon Hull Hull, although the real Hull is located 40 kilometers from it upstream of the River Ouse, located in Yorkshire.
Huckleberry Finn, well known to all of us since childhood, owes his furious nickname exclusively to the translator, since in the original he is Huckleberry, which in English means either “blueberry”, or “insignificant person”, or “performer necessary for a particular job”. Both that, and another, and the third one way or another fit into the outline of the story of Mark Twain – in contrast to the awkward Huckleberry.
What can we say about the less obvious (from myself I will add – and less harmful) examples when the English name Henry turns into Henry, the German Heinrich and Johan into Heinrich and Johann. Hastings transformed into Hastings, Hohenstaufens into Hohenstaufens, Heine into Heine. Roma became Rome, Paris became Paris, Hudson became Hudson.
However, to talk about all the problems at once means to become like the Walrus from Lewis Carroll’s Alice Through the Looking-Glass:
And the Walrus said: “The time has come
think about business:
About shoes and sealing wax,
Cabbage, kings,
And why, like soup in a cauldron,
The water boils in the seas” 2 .
The Cunning Walrus was going to tell the gullible oysters a lot of different things, but he deceived them in the most impudent way. I will not try to follow his example and limit myself from the whole long list of Walruses to only kings. More precisely, an exceptionally narrow aspect of the problem, which, in my opinion, is really important – the transfer of royal names in Russian-language literature. In fairness, it should be noted that since the moment I first raised this topic, something has moved off the ground, but there is still no need to talk about any significant changes.
Be that as it may, the above brief excursion into the realm of miracles that happen with foreign names is necessary at least to outline the framework in which the problem will be considered further. For the subject of conversation will not be the bizarre form that they generally acquired in the process of Russification, but only the consequences of forced unification, which deprives a proper name of the most important identification function, including a national marker.
For the same reason, by the way, both names that are read more or less the same in all languages (for example, Philip), and original ones, inherent mainly in only one language (say, Edward) will remain outside the discussion. Although the non-uniform name Matthew in relation to the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire instead of Matthias still sounds extremely wild.
So, more to the point – to the names of European kings, members of their families and sovereign princes, which, in addition to the princes themselves, also include dukes, stadtholders, etc. Traditionally, representatives of the highest nobility are referred to in literature in Russian – we are primarily Naturally, scientific literature is of interest, not fiction – Henrys, Johns, Louis, etc. This happens regardless of which country they have the good fortune to rule, which dynasty they come from and what language they speak.
It is believed (and hardly anyone disputes) that this tradition had its origin in the famous 86-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, which was published in the Russian Empire from 1890 to 1907 on the basis of the German dictionary Konversations-Lexikon, as a result of which, in many respects was imbued with a harsh Teutonic spirit.
Indeed, this first Russian-language universal encyclopedia did a great deal to root in the minds of just such a norm. But upon closer examination, it becomes clear that everything is not so simple and the roots of the problem lie somewhat deeper in time.
Our distant ancestors did not worry much about the affairs of European rulers, if it was not about the nearest neighbors – Polish and Lithuanian princes. Thus, the Laurentian Chronicle only remembers Henrik of Sandomierz, brother of King Boleslav IV: “And that winter Boleslav and Jendrich his brother Ougryskaya came to help him” 3 . Geographically, the Hypatian Chronicle does not go further, although it does refer to the Polish rulers as Indrich 4 . The Moscow Chronicle of the end of the 15th century calls them Andrihs 5 .
In a much larger volume, the names of sovereign sovereigns that interest us appear in the Western Russian edition of the “Russian Chronograph” of the second half of the 16th century – we note, even before Peter’s experiments with Germanization.
In it, the chronicler abundantly used extracts from the Chronicle of the Whole World by the Polish historian Marcin Bielski. In this edition, Charles of Valois and Ludwig of France peacefully coexist with Henryk of Luxembourg and his son Jan 6 , which so far only indicates a tendency to unify names based on the German language, but not about established practice.
The honor of becoming the first real unifier in Russia fell to the historian VN Tatishchev. On the pages of his capital work – “History of the Russian …”, which was published in the middle of the XVIII century, appear Henryk I, King of France, Emperor Henryk IV, Henryk of Sandomierz 7 . However, given Tatishchev’s focus on national history, his references to the sovereigns of other lands are also very rare and fragmentary.
Vocalization of the names of European kings received a fundamental form in the works of the first Russian medievalist historian Timofey Nikolaevich Granovsky, an outstanding scientist and teacher who devoted himself specifically to Western European history.
He received his education in a Moscow private boarding school, a native of Braunschweig, Dr. Kister, then graduated from St. Petersburg University, and completed his studies at the University of Berlin. Granovsky was a liberal Westernizer and a staunch opponent of all Slavophilism. The German upbringing of Timofey Nikolayevich was unambiguously reflected in his interpretation of the royal names, which he, as a medievalist, had to deal with literally at every turn.
While lecturing at Moscow University in 1849-1850, Granovsky rigorously called the German kings and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire Heinrichs, the English rulers Heinrichs, Johns, Karls, Wilhelms, the French monarchs Heinrichs, Johns, Karls, Ludwigs and Franz. Students listened to stories about the deeds of the Portuguese kings Henry I, John III and Emmanuel the Fortunate, as well as Ferdinand the Catholic of Aragon and Ferdinand I of Naples 8 . The professor did not care at all that John in Germany was Johann, in England it was John, in France it was Jean, in Spain it was Juan, and in Portugal it was Juan.
In the last decade of the 19th century, the work of Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev “The History of Western Europe in Modern Times” was published, in which the final chord sounded. While maintaining the previously achieved nominal transformations, the Ludwigs, not excluding Ludwig of Bavaria, turned into Louis, and the Francis into Francis 9 . Thus, it was then that the transition from the pronounced German tradition of translation to a softer Latinized one, which is still widespread today, took place.
In this form, the depersonalization of monarchs was finally approved by the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Under the single name Wilhelm, the German emperors, the English and Sicilian kings, the Dutch stadtholders, and the Norman dukes were depersonalized. Indistinct Louis erased the differences between the French, Portuguese and even German rulers. His eyes tingled with the Heinrichs of Germany, England, France, Castilian; from Francis of Sicily, Breton, Modena, Austrian and French.
Made their invaluable contribution to the confusion of Joanna of 16 and Carla of 12 different countries 10 .
It would seem that the system somehow took shape and the principle of romanization of names, albeit lopsided and flawed, triumphed. But this system, unfortunately, did not acquire internal harmony, although the authors and editors of the dictionary did their best to squeeze the diversity of European languages into the Procrustean bed of forced unification. For example, not all the kings of the Iberian Peninsula were kicked into the common herd. For unknown reasons, the rulers of Aragon, as well as Portugal, who bore the name Pedro, kept him intact 11 and were not rebaptized either into the Germanized Peterov or the Latinized Petrov.
The situation was even worse for the compilers of the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary with members of the royal families. Among the host of various Johns and Charles, don Juan of Austria, half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, and don Carlos 12 , the eldest son of the same monarch, suddenly surfaced.
A clear indicator of the inferiority of the hardworkingly nurtured system was the House of Bourbon. Thus, the Duke of Vendome and the Comte de la Marche received the “truly French” names of Anton and Jacob, while the constable from the same family for some reason remained “unnatural” Charles 13 .
Okay, “Brockhaus and Efron” are things of bygone days. Yes, it has some mistakes, but for its time it was very progressive. Let’s move on to the Soviet era, when scientists were already armed with both modern methodology and fundamental knowledge to give integrity to an inferior system. However, we see that the picture has not changed. Doctor of Historical Sciences Valentina Vladimirovna Shtokmar wrote in the 1970s: “Richard II expelled Henry Bolingbroke, the son of the deceased John of Gaunt, from England” 14 . From the largest Russian specialist in the history of medieval England, one could expect that she would call the father and son in the same style – either in the English manner, or in the Latinized surzhik.
From the equally honored medievalist doctor of historical sciences E. V. Gutnova we read: “Under Kings John and Henry III, the widespread use of mercenary units in battles and for garrison service becomes commonplace” 15 . Evgenia Vladimirovna, of course, had in mind the English monarchs John Landless and Henry of Winchester – or, if you like, John I and Henry III. So why not follow the principle of uniformity?
Russian scientists, unfortunately, followed in the footsteps of their Soviet mentors. Many examples of this can be found in the doctor of historical sciences Natalia Ivanovna Basovskaya: “At the beginning of 1405, a sharp struggle for power unfolded around the newly seriously ill Charles VI. Recently, the king’s brother, Duke Louis of Orleans, had the greatest political weight in the French court. He faced the growing influence of the young Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless, a relative of the king.0027 16 . Probably Charles, Louis and Jean or Charles, Louis and John would have sounded more logical – right?
Another example: “The King of Bohemia Jan of Luxembourg and the Duke of Lorraine, speaking on the side of Philip VI, warmly dissuaded him from the battle, frightening him with a possible defeat” 17 .
What was the fault of John of Luxembourg from the Luxembourg dynasty, the younger branch of the Limburg-Arels – by the way, who was the son of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Henry VIII, that he did not deserve the honorary name John?
By the way, the “renegade” company of the Pyrenean monarchs also retained its national flavor among Basovskaya: “The threat of losing positions in the Iberian Peninsula forced Charles V to support the claims to the throne of Castile and Leon of the rival Pedro I – his half-brother Enrique of Trastamarsky” 18 . Like this: the Frenchman is Charles, but for some reason the Castilians are not Peter and Heinrich.
Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pyotr Petrovich Cherkasov, a specialist in the history of France, moves in the same vein: “Shortly after the end of the unsuccessful war for France for the Spanish Succession, in 1715, Louis XIV died, having reigned for 54 years.” And then: “9August, the head of the liberal party, a representative of the younger branch of the Bourbons, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orleans, was proclaimed king of the French “ 19 .
Both are French kings, both are Louis (sorry, Louis). So why such an obvious dissonance?
Not only professional historians with academic degrees did not bother to follow the general line, but also professional translators. Here are three quotes from the same book. “Despite his lowly origin, the victor at Stirlig Bridge was a renowned head of the country, ruling it as “the guardian of the kingdom and the leader of the armies” in the name of King John, whose nephew, John Comyn the Red, the son of one of the contenders for the crown, joined him” 20 . Everything seems to be according to the canon: both the king and his close relative, Joanna. However, do not rush to conclusions. The text goes on to say: “Shortly after the defeat, he either resigned his office as regent, or was removed, and Balliol’s nephew, John Comyn the Red, and the young Earl of Carrick, Robert the Bruce, took his place” 21 . I explain – this is the same Redhead, who for no reason changed his name.
And for a starter, a third example: “But the primogeniture rules that were adopted in most Western European kingdoms required that the throne should go to John Balliol, whose father was married to the eldest daughter of Huntingdon” 22 . Now John turned out to be not only his nephew, but also King John himself from the first story.
It is interesting to note that the translators of Arthur Bryant’s book not only did not adhere to a common style among themselves, but also did not recognize any exclusive rights for the Pyrenean kingdoms: “When Charles [of Anjou] tried to conquer it [Sicily] again, the Sicilians offered the throne to Peter III of Aragon , husband of the heiress of his former ruler, Manfred” 23 . This refers to none other than Pedro the Great, King of Aragon and Valencia, Count of Barcelona.
The translator of the “Hundred Years’ War” by J. Favier is also very inconsistent. He writes: “These were Duke Raoul of Lorraine and Count Louis of Nevers of Flanders.
They were Jean of Auxerre, Louis de Sancerre, Jean d’Harcourt, Louis of Blois, and many others” 24 . Why is the Comte de Nevers, who is called Louis despite the fact that he is not a close blood relative of the kings, especially singled out? Maybe because the count? So the others were by no means shoemakers: Jean Comte d’Auxerre and de Tonnerre, Louis Comte de Sancerre, Jean Comte d’Harcourt, Louis Comte de Blois, de Dunois and de Freteval.
Without hesitation, the translator calls one pretender to the duchy of Brittany Charles of Blois, and another pretender to the same duchy, who had no less convincing rights, Jean de Montfort 25 . So understand these writers…
Why did I need such a long, but far from complete list of inconsistencies, inconsistencies and inconsistencies in the transfer of foreign royal names in Russian-language scientific literature? And everything is very simple. When I tried 15 years ago to question the very principle of their romanized vowels, I immediately heard indignant cries: “Don’t break the system!” So, the whole point is that there was and is no system, which is evidenced by the above examples.
It is impossible to break something that does not exist, just as it is impossible to protect something that does not exist.
As Maria Leonidovna Kalenchuk quite rightly noted ten years ago when she was deputy director of the Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradova (if RIA Novosti correctly conveyed her words), changes in the norms of the Russian language are due to internal patterns. Indeed, international travel and direct contacts with foreign culture bearers have long ceased to be the prerogative of a narrow circle of the rich. And if the English king James was far from our ancestors and therefore did not raise absolutely any questions 50 years ago, now many, especially those who visited the UK, are beginning to understand that he is still James. So the employees of specialized scientific institutions have something to work on.
For example, they should think: what will happen when Charles Prince of Wales becomes King of England 26 ? How should he be called – Charles I or Charles III (since in our historiography there were no Charleses on the British throne yet)? And if the crown goes to his eldest son, then who – William V or William I (by the same logic)? Or we will awkwardly get out, like the same translator of Favier’s book: “The first among the dissatisfied was John Lancaster, who was succeeded by his son Henry Derby, the future Henry IV” 27 .
This is how some perspicacious, but not very literate history buffs try to justify the upcoming collision in advance. They explain to neophytes that Henry is a common name, but Henry is a coronation name, that is, one that the monarch takes on only after the coronation ceremony. Nonsense, of course, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to do without explanations.
Any tradition is first of all generated by habit, convenience, and not at all by logic. The tradition of translating royal names is no exception, since the most common argument in its favor is “it just so happened.” However, there are more serious justifications. For example, this: the modern idea of nationalities appeared relatively recently, and the unification of names mainly concerns distant times – the Ancient World and the Middle Ages. Thus, the Latinized form, which has become widespread, only emphasizes the cosmopolitan nature of the higher nobility.
Well, in principle, such a system has not only the right to exist, but also some advantages – there is no need to fundamentally break the usual language foundations.
The trouble is elsewhere. As we just found out, this system is purely speculative, but in real life it does not exist. Now, if it is recreated anew, if it is given due severity, then at least there will be something to break spears for. That is, it is necessary to assign Latinized names exclusively to kings. All Henrys, Henri and Enrique become Heinrichs at the moment of coronation, without any exceptions. Then no one will be surprised if Charles Philip Arthur George Prince of Wales succeeds his mother Elizabeth II on the throne of England under the name of Charles III.
But besides the obvious advantages, such a system (we repeat: it does not really exist at the moment) also has its drawbacks. First, it is absolutely uninformative and confusing. Until now, many are unaware that “once there lived Henry the Fourth, he was a glorious king” – this is none other than the loving Henry of Navarre. That the vile Prince John, the sworn enemy of Robin Hood (by the way, in the original he is not Hood, but Hood – in the sense, not “good”, but “hood”), and the ill-fated King John Landless – the same person, only in different periods of your life.
The system necessarily requires clarification – Henry of England, Henry of France, Emperor Henry.
Another option seems much more logical, in which the voicing to a greater extent conveys the original pronunciation of proper names. It seems to me that the future belongs to him. Let the English kings be Henrys, Johns and Charless, the French kings Henri, Jeans and Charles, and the German kings Heinrichs, Johannes and Charles. In addition to ensuring historical accuracy, such a step will help the reader to better navigate the situation without cumbersome references to the nationality of a particular character.
By the way, historians dealing with the Pyrenees decided to go this way. Here is what the introduction to the academic “History of Spain”, published in 2012 by the Institute of General History, says: “There is currently a dual situation with the names of the rulers of Spain: on the one hand, the Latin tradition is preserved (Philip, not Felipe, Isabella, not Isabel), on the other hand, historians have long been writing Enrique, not Heinrich, Fernando, not Ferdinand.
The authors and editors of this book proceeded precisely from this, without trying to rigidly enforce any particular principle. 28 .
Spanish historians not only declared their intentions, but also brought them to life. Therefore, in the pages of the “History” the reader constantly meets Alfonso, Enrique, Juan, Fernando and Pedro in Castile and León; exotic Pere in Aragon; authentic Pedro, Afonso and João in Portugal 29 . By themselves, these names create that unique national flavor that captivates the reader.
The rescue of drowning people, as you know, is the work of the drowning people themselves. Therefore, Hispanists do not take the trouble to teach their colleagues in other countries. As a result, the following passages can be found in their work: “In the absence of a direct heir, three could claim the throne: Jaume of Urgell, great-grandson of Alfonso IV, Louis of Anjou, grandson of Joan I on the mother’s side, and Fernando of Antequer, grandson of Pere IV on the maternal side” 30 .
That is, if the historians of France like the name Louis more than Louis, this is purely their internal corporate matter.
True, there is also a third way – to leave everything as it is and not burden yourself with unnecessary problems.
Comments on the article
1 Dumas A. The Three Musketeers. – M .: Printing house of I. D. Sytin, 1900.
2 Translated by D. G. Orlovskaya.
3 Complete collection of Russian chronicles (PSRL). T. I. – L., 1927. L. 107v.
4 PSRL. T. II. – St. Petersburg, 1908. L. 140, sheet. 306 rev.
5 PSRL. T. XV. – L., 1949. L. 55v.
6 PSRL. T. XXII. – Petrograd, 1914. L. 288v., L. 292., l. 292 rev.
7 Tatishchev VN History from the most ancient times. – M., 1995. V. 4. S. 103, 422, 437.
8 Granovsky TN Lectures on the history of the Middle Ages. – M.: Nauka, 1986. S. 244, 28, 27, 234, 63, 18, 11, 10, 82, 184, 36, 26, 40.
9 Kareev NI History of Western Europe in modern times. – St. Petersburg, 1892. V. 1. S. 71, 131, 74.
10 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. T. 6. – St. Petersburg, 1892. S. 352-366; T. 18. – St. Petersburg, 1896. S. 222-240; T. 8. – St. Petersburg, 1892. S. 345-357; T. 36A. – St. Petersburg, 1902. S. 529-535; T. 13A. – St. Petersburg, 1894. S. 703-711; T. 14A. – St. Petersburg, 1895. S. 526-547.
11 Ibid., vol. 23. St. Petersburg, 1898, pp. 87-90.
12 Ibid., tel. 37A. – St. Petersburg, 1908. S. 757-759; T. 35A. St. Petersburg, 1902, p. 771.
13 Ibid., v. 4A. – St. Petersburg, 1891. S. 10, 9.
14 Shtokmar VV History of England in the Middle Ages. – St. Petersburg, 2005. S. 89-90.
15 Gutnova EV Emergence of the English Parliament. – M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1960. S. 62.
16 Basovskaya N.
I. The Hundred Years’ War: a leopard against a lily. — M., 2003. S. 270.
17 Ibid., p. 183.
18 Ibid., p. 225.
19 Cherkasov P.P. The fate of the empire: an outline of the colonial expansion of France in the 16th—20th centuries. – M., 1983. S. 19, 28.
20 Bryant A. The era of chivalry in the history of England. / Per. from English. Kovaleva T.V. and Muravyova M.G. – St. Petersburg, 2001. S. 160-161.
21 Ibid., p. 164.
22 Ibid., p. 136.
23 Ibid., p. 121-122.
24 Favier J. Hundred Years War. / Per. M. Yu. Nekrasov. – St. Petersburg, 2009. P. 113.
25 Ibid., p. 280, 95.
26 For a couple of years now, information has been circulating in Russia that Queen Elizabeth II, whom our people in the simplicity of her soul call Elizabeth at home, decided to deprive her eldest son Charles Prince of Wales of the right to inherit the throne.
However, whatever feelings the Queen may have for her firstborn offspring and whatever she plans to change the rules of succession, this does not fall within her competence. Only the Parliament of the United Kingdom can decide such a question, and no one has raised such a question before it. The official website of the royal family still says that the Prince of Wales is the heir of the first line.
27 Favier J. The Hundred Years War / Per. M. Yu. Nekrasov. – St. Petersburg, 2009. P. 356.
28 History of Spain. T. 1. – M., 2012. S. 24-25.
29 Ibid., p. 660-678.
30 Ibid., p. 341.
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Which young talent to look for in the upcoming Aperture? My personal recommendations are:
Banfield: 18-year-old Colombian James Rodriguez has shown in the off-season that he can replace the departed Bertolo and Raymonda in midfield.
Boca: Ezequiel Muñoz has not really played for his team yet, but was already called by Maradona. Definitely, he will be molded into the main young star of the Argentine defense. As a defensive midfielder, I personally quite like both Carlos Fondacaro and Ezequiel Benavidez.
Colón: in Clausura playmaker Facundo Bertoglio and forward Fabian Casticho proved to be excellent.
Estudiantes: here Sabella has already played a whole team. On defense are Raul Iberbia and Federico Fernandez, while the playmaker is the gifted 23-year-old Maxi Nunez.
Gimnasia La Plata: Marcelo Cardoso should progress here on the left. Cuevas, who is only 21 years old, will be considered an already rising star. But Luciano Aued should shine in Apertura. There is also a promising 22-year-old striker Denis Straqualursi, but in control games he was eclipsed by Juan Neira, who is two years younger.
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Godoy Cruz: Leonardo Sigali (22) has almost grown into a very good defender. And 20-year-old Colombian Carlos Valencia appeared in midfield, who even managed to score against Independiente in the last championship.
Huracan: in defense, the young Ezequiel Filipetto and Kevin Cura replaced the titles very well.
Independiente: Federico Manquejo, despite the instability, should bring the past season to the asset and continue even better. The already highly publicized Pato Rodriguez and Fernando Godoy are on the way.
Lanus: a large galaxy has also grown in Lanus – Hernan Grana, Maxi Lugo, Germán Cano, Cristian Menendez. The youngest – Salvio – is already a star.
Newells: Playmaker Leandro Torres, 21, who played in Aperutra 2008 and Clausura has been on the bench, has good prospects. His peer Mauro Formica has already risen very brightly. Let’s look at the 22-year-old Uruguayan Joaquin Boghossian.
Racing: on the right flank should be added by Brian Lui. In addition, I personally really like the 23-year-old Pablo Cabagero. But Caruso Lombarli does not seem to trust him.
River: traditionally the largest placer at the River. In defense on the left, Lukas Orban has already tried himself. In the center of the field, Mauro Diaz, who is only 18, looked very cool at times. There are also a dozen of the youth team Damian Lisio, as well as a very young 17-year-old (but already debuted) Eric Lamela. Andres Rios, Gustavo Bow, and Gustavo “Tortuga” Fernandez have already played for the base. 17-year-old Daniel Vijalba also made his debut, about whom they say that he is ready to play for the base.
Rosario Central: Burdisso Jr. (Gijermo) will confidently progress here. Milton Caraglio, by the way, is also only 21 years old.
San Lorenzo: 22-year-old Herman Voboril will now take the left curb in the absence of stars here.